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News Item

The 18th BRICS Summit opened in New Delhi on 12 September 2026 under India’s Chairship, and member countries adopted the New Delhi Declaration on the first day. The declaration called for stronger multilateralism, reform of global governance institutions and deeper cooperation across development, finance, technology and people-to-people ties.

Background

BRICS began as a political cooperation forum of Brazil, Russia, India and China in 2006. South Africa later joined, and the grouping subsequently expanded. As of 2026, BRICS has 11 full members: Brazil, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and the UAE.

India is holding the BRICS Chairship for the fourth time in 2026. The theme of the 18th Summit is “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability.”

The New Delhi Declaration reaffirmed support for reform of the United Nations, including the UN Security Council, and sought greater representation of developing countries and the Global South in international decision-making.

Prelims Facts

• The 18th BRICS Summit is being held in New Delhi on 12–13 September 2026.
• India holds the BRICS Chairship in 2026.
• India’s 2026 BRICS Chairship theme is “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability.”
• BRICS has 11 full members in 2026.
• The New Delhi Declaration was adopted on the first day of the Summit.
• China and Russia reiterated support for the aspirations of Brazil and India to play a greater role in the UN, including the Security Council.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The New Delhi Declaration reflects India’s effort to position BRICS as a platform for Global South concerns and reform of international institutions. The challenge is to convert a diverse membership into concrete cooperation while preserving consensus among countries with different strategic interests.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations

News Item

South Asian countries adopted the Kathmandu Declaration at the first General Assembly of the South Asia Wildlife Enforcement Network (SAWEN). The declaration calls for stronger intelligence sharing, financial investigation, anti-money-laundering action, asset recovery and prosecution against organised wildlife crime.

Background

SAWEN is a regional intergovernmental wildlife law-enforcement support body established to combat wildlife crime in South Asia. It was formally launched in January 2011 at Paro, Bhutan, and its Secretariat is located in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Its eight members are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

Wildlife trafficking increasingly overlaps with organised crime, corruption, money laundering and cross-border criminal networks, making enforcement cooperation important for biodiversity as well as internal security.

Prelims Facts

• SAWEN was formally launched in January 2011 in Paro, Bhutan.
• Its Secretariat is located in Kathmandu, Nepal.
• SAWEN has eight South Asian member countries.
• The Kathmandu Declaration was adopted at the first SAWEN General Assembly.
• The declaration promotes financial investigation and anti-money-laundering action against wildlife crime.
• It also supports treatment of serious wildlife crime as transnational organised crime.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Wildlife crime is no longer only a conservation issue. Treating it as organised transnational crime can improve financial tracking, prosecution and cross-border enforcement while protecting biodiversity and strengthening the rule of law.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment and Internal Security

News Item

India hosted the BRICS Business Forum 2026 in New Delhi on 11 September, setting the stage for the 18th BRICS Summit scheduled for 12–13 September at Bharat Mandapam. India holds the BRICS Chairship in 2026, with the grouping focusing on resilience, innovation, cooperation and sustainability.

Background

BRICS began in 2006 with Brazil, Russia, India and China. It has gradually expanded and now comprises 11 members: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, the UAE, Indonesia and Saudi Arabia. India is holding the BRICS Chairship for the fourth time in 2026.

The theme of India's 2026 Chairship is “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability.” BRICS has become an important platform for emerging and developing economies to discuss global governance, development, trade, finance and the concerns of the Global South.

Prelims Facts

• The 18th BRICS Summit is being hosted in New Delhi on 12–13 September 2026.
• India is holding the BRICS Chairship for the fourth time in 2026.
• India's 2026 BRICS theme is “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability.”
• BRICS currently has 11 full members.
• The BRICS Business Forum 2026 was held in New Delhi on 11 September.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• BRICS gives India an important platform to strengthen the voice of the Global South, promote reform of international institutions and deepen South-South economic cooperation. Its growing membership also creates opportunities for trade and investment, but requires consensus among countries with diverse strategic interests.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations

News Item

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) described India as a key engine of global growth after real GDP grew by 7.8% in Q1 of FY 2026–27. The IMF noted that services and exports supported the stronger-than-expected performance while higher energy prices remain an important risk for an oil-importing economy such as India.

Background

GDP measures the value of final goods and services produced within an economy during a given period. Real GDP removes the effect of price changes, while nominal GDP is measured at current prices.

India's Q1 FY 2026–27 real GDP was estimated at ₹81.36 lakh crore, growing 7.8%. Real GVA grew 8.2%, while nominal GDP grew 10.3%. India's new national accounts series uses 2022–23 as the base year.

Prelims Facts

• India's real GDP grew by 7.8% in Q1 FY 2026–27.
• Real GVA growth in the quarter was 8.2%.
• Nominal GDP growth was 10.3%.
• Real GDP at constant prices was estimated at ₹81.36 lakh crore.
• India's new GDP series uses 2022–23 as the base year.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Strong growth improves fiscal capacity, employment prospects and investor confidence, but sustained high crude prices can raise inflation, import costs and pressure on the current account. Maintaining growth therefore requires macroeconomic stability along with investment, productivity and export competitiveness.

GS Mapping

GS3: Economy

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently met with Prince Rahim Aga Khan V, the 50th Imam of the Ismaili community, in New Delhi. They discussed expanding India's collaboration with the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) across crucial sectors like healthcare, agriculture, rural development, and women's empowerment.

Background

The Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) is a prominent global network of private, non-denominational development agencies originally founded by the late Aga Khan IV. It operates in over 30 countries, focusing on improving the quality of life in developing regions, irrespective of faith, origin, or gender. In India, AKDN has a long-standing history of contributing to rural socio-economic progress, education, and heritage conservation. This meeting highlights India's strategic intent to leverage international philanthropic partnerships to accelerate grassroots development.

Prelims Facts

• Personality in News: Prince Rahim Aga Khan V (the 50th Imam of the Ismaili community).
• Organisation involved: Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN).
• Key sectors discussed: Healthcare, agriculture, rural development, youth empowerment, and women's empowerment.
• Notable AKDN Projects in India: Restoration of Humayun’s Tomb, Qutb Shahi Heritage Park in Hyderabad, and widespread rural support initiatives.

GS Mapping

GS2: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India's interests; Important International institutions, agencies and fora.

News Item

India hosted the 9th ASEAN–India Ministerial Meeting on Agriculture and Forestry in New Delhi on 9 September 2026. The meeting focused on food security, climate-resilient agriculture, digital technologies, sustainable value chains and deeper research cooperation.

Background

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established in 1967 through the Bangkok Declaration. Its Secretariat is located in Jakarta, Indonesia.

India and ASEAN have developed a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. Agriculture and forestry cooperation includes research, technology exchange, capacity building, food security and climate-resilient farming.

The meeting also welcomed the ASEAN Food, Agriculture and Forestry Sectoral Plan 2026–2030 and discussed the ASEAN–India Medium-Term Plan of Action for Cooperation in Agriculture and Forestry 2026–2030.

Prelims Facts

• The 9th ASEAN–India Ministerial Meeting on Agriculture and Forestry was held in New Delhi.
• The meeting was held on 9 September 2026.
• Key cooperation areas included climate-resilient agriculture, low-emission rice and AI-enabled digital agriculture.
• Soil health, agroforestry, food safety and resilient value chains were also discussed.
• The 10th ASEAN–India Agriculture Working Group Meeting was held on 8 September 2026.
• The next ASEAN–India Agriculture and Forestry Ministerial Meeting is planned for 2028.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Agricultural cooperation with ASEAN can help India develop climate-resilient farming, improve regional food security and strengthen agricultural value chains. It also supports India's wider Act East policy and engagement with Southeast Asia.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations; GS3: Agriculture

News Item

The Global Dryland Congress 2026 was announced for New Delhi from 10–12 September under the theme “Transforming Dryland Agriculture with South–South Cooperation.” More than 800 experts from scientific, policy and farming communities were expected to participate.

Background

The Congress is jointly organised by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT).

Drylands cover about 45% of the world's land surface and are home to more than two billion people. Agriculture in these regions is particularly vulnerable to water scarcity, land degradation and climate variability.

The Congress also marks 50 years of ICAR–ICRISAT partnership.

Prelims Facts

• Global Dryland Congress 2026 was scheduled in New Delhi from 10–12 September.
• Its theme is “Transforming Dryland Agriculture with South–South Cooperation.”
• It is jointly organised by ICAR and ICRISAT.
• More than 800 experts were expected to participate.
• Drylands cover about 45% of the world's land surface.
• More than two billion people live in dryland regions.
• The Congress marks 50 years of ICAR–ICRISAT partnership.

GS Mapping

GS3: Agriculture and Environment

News Item

September 8 is celebrated globally as International Literacy Day to highlight the importance of education as a fundamental human right. The 2026 global celebration, hosted in Mexico, focuses on the theme "Literacy for people, the planet and prosperity".

Background

Proclaimed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1966, this day reminds the international community of the status of adult learning and global literacy. Globally, literacy is essential for achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4, which aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education. In India, the Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009, backed by Article 21A of the Constitution, makes education a fundamental right for children aged 6 to 14 years.

Prelims Facts

• Date Observed: September 8 annually.
• 2026 Theme: “Literacy for people, the planet and prosperity”.
• 2026 Host Country: Mexico (co-organized by UNESCO and the Government of Mexico).
• Global Initiative: The event includes discussions on the draft Action Plan for the UNESCO Global Alliance for Literacy Strategy (2026-2029).
• Indian Constitutional Link: Article 21A guarantees free and compulsory education as a fundamental right.

GS Mapping

GS2: Social Justice & Education

News Item

At the recently held BRICS Chief Justices' Forum in New Delhi, the Indian judicial delegation emphasised the importance of timely justice and effective mediation for cross-border commercial disputes. Drawing a historical parallel to the ancient Nalanda University, the forum called for making BRICS a borderless centre of global legal learning, mutual cooperation, and technological integration.

Background

The BRICS Chief Justices' Forum is a high-level platform for the topmost judicial officers of BRICS member states to discuss legal cooperation, sustainable development, and judicial reforms. As international trade among BRICS nations expands, businesses require credible, efficient, and workable dispute-resolution mechanisms. To reduce the burden on traditional courts, India has strongly advocated for Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms. National campaigns like "Mediation for the Nation" and the enactment of the Mediation Act, 2023 have brought institutional mediation into the spotlight, aiming to resolve commercial conflicts through dialogue rather than prolonged litigation.

Prelims Facts

• The BRICS Chief Justices' Forum focused on themes like Mediation, Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Judiciary, and Judicial Leadership for Sustainable Development.
• Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms include Arbitration, Conciliation, Mediation, and Lok Adalats.
• The Mediation Act, 2023 legally recognises mediated settlement agreements as enforceable decrees of a civil court.
• Ancient Nalanda University flourished under the patronage of both the Gupta Empire and the later Pala Empire.

GS Mapping

GS2: Polity and Governance | GS2: International Relations

News Item

Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav recently inaugurated a two-day International Workshop on ‘Tiger Landscapes’ in New Delhi. Emphasizing that humans and nature must coexist peacefully, he highlighted how the survival of tigers is directly tied to the health of our forests, rivers, and local communities.

Background

The workshop was jointly organized by the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). It aimed to explore how protecting tiger habitats can boost local incomes through sustainable eco-tourism and a thriving bioeconomy. A key highlight of the event was a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed between IBCA and ADB to fund nature-positive initiatives and support landscape conservation.

Prelims Facts

• The workshop's theme was ‘Tiger Landscapes: Conservation, Bioeconomy and Ecotourism as Pillars for Livelihood and Income Generation’.
• India launched Project Tiger in 1973 (starting from Jim Corbett National Park), a Centrally Sponsored Scheme that has successfully grown the country's tiger population to over 3,000.
• Tiger landscapes provide essential "ecosystem services," such as carbon sequestration, climate regulation, and water security, which are treated as valuable natural capital.
• The Asian Development Bank (ADB) partnered with IBCA to bring nature-positive financing into Indian wildlife conservation.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment & Conservation, GS3: Economics of Animal-Rearing

News Item

United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres will participate in the upcoming 18th BRICS Summit, which is being hosted by India. The summit is scheduled for September 12-13 at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi and will witness the gathering of member nations, partner countries, and special outreach invitees.

Background

The participation of the UN Secretary-General in the BRICS summit underscores the growing diplomatic and economic significance of the Global South. BRICS originally started as BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China) in 2006, a term coined earlier by economist Jim O'Neill. It became BRICS with the addition of South Africa in 2010. The group represents the world's leading emerging economies and seeks to establish a multipolar world order, independent of Western financial hegemony. Over the years, BRICS has established powerful alternative institutions like the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). The group recently expanded in 2024, inducting countries like Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE, marking a new era of multilateralism.

Prelims Facts

• India is hosting the 18th BRICS Summit on September 12-13, 2026, at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi.
• The overarching theme for India’s 2026 BRICS chairship is 'Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability'.
• This marks India's fourth time assuming the BRICS chairship, having previously held the position in 2012, 2016, and 2021.
• India officially assumed the current chairship on January 1, 2026.

GS Mapping

GS2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements

News Item

At the 26th Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Summit in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, Prime Minister Narendra Modi articulated India's three-pillar vision for the region: Security, Connectivity, and Opportunity. Marking the 25th anniversary of the SCO, the Prime Minister strongly condemned cross-border terrorism, stressed that connectivity projects must respect territorial integrity, and announced that India will host the first-ever session of the SCO Civilizational Dialogue Forum.

Background

The SCO is a major Eurasian alliance founded to ensure regional security and foster economic cooperation. As the world faces geopolitical fragmentation and supply chain disruptions, platforms like the SCO are crucial for addressing the concerns of the "Global South". India has consistently used this forum to push for a comprehensive approach against terrorism and drug trafficking. The year 2026 marks exactly 25 years since the official declaration of the SCO in 2001, which evolved from the 1996 "Shanghai Five" framework (China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan).

Prelims Facts

• The Indian vision for the SCO rests on three pillars: Security, Connectivity, and Opportunity.
• India launched initiatives within the SCO such as the Start-up Forum, Young Authors’ Conclave, and Young Scientists’ Forum to promote people-to-people connectivity.
• The SCO Civilizational Dialogue Forum was proposed by India last year, and its inaugural session is being hosted in India in 2026.
• The 26th SCO Summit coincides with the hosting of the 6th World Nomad Games in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations | GS2: Regional Groupings

News Item

On the sidelines of the 26th SCO Summit in Bishkek, Prime Minister Narendra Modi held high-level bilateral meetings with the leaders of Russia, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, and Armenia. During his talks with Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian, PM Modi strongly advocated for dialogue to resolve West Asia tensions, emphasising the absolute need to protect civilians and ensure freedom of navigation for commercial shipping.

Background

India's diplomatic outreach at the SCO underscores its multi-aligned foreign policy. The meeting with Iran comes against the backdrop of escalating conflicts in West Asia and attacks on commercial vessels in the Red Sea. Securing maritime routes is vital for India's trade and energy security. Furthermore, PM Modi's talks with Russian President Vladimir Putin reaffirmed the "Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership" between the two nations, highlighting India's consistent stance that diplomacy and peace must replace endless wars, particularly referencing the Ukraine conflict.

Prelims Facts

• The 26th Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Summit is hosted in Bishkek, the capital city of the Kyrgyz Republic.
• India shares a formally designated "Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership" with Russia, a status granted in 2010 to elevate their bilateral ties.
• According to the discussed agenda, New Delhi is slated to host the upcoming BRICS Summit, showcasing India's leadership in major non-Western global platforms.
• PM Modi also met Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan, discussing cooperation in defence, pharmaceuticals, and science and technology.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations

News Item

India recently participated in a joint Russia-India roundtable in Moscow to discuss the study and conservation of the endangered Snow Leopard. Highlighting its advanced science-based initiatives, India showcased its progress in population estimation, radio telemetry, and genetic analysis of this elusive big cat to foster global collaboration.

Background

The Snow Leopard (*Panthera uncia*), often called the 'Ghost of the Mountains', is an apex predator found in the rugged alpine regions of Central and South Asia, including the Himalayas. It plays a critical role in maintaining the ecological balance of these high-altitude habitats. Recognizing the transboundary nature of this species, the Moscow roundtable was organized under a strategic partnership between the Russian interregional association 'Irbis' and the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA). The Indian delegation, comprising officials from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), emphasized that traditional conservation is no longer enough. Modern scientific tools like DNA analysis and satellite radio-collaring are now essential to track their movement, understand their genetics, and protect them from climate change and poaching.

Prelims Facts

• The Snow Leopard is listed as 'Vulnerable' on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
• Ladakh holds the distinction of having the highest population of snow leopards in India, followed by Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh.
• The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), headquartered in India, aims to protect the world's seven major big cat species.
• The Wildlife Institute of India (WII) is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, based in Dehradun.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment (Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment)

News Item

India has strongly rejected the recent report by the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), labeling its findings as "politically motivated" and "highly malicious." The Ministry of External Affairs emphasized that India's constitutional framework robustly protects disadvantaged communities and dismissed the report's sweeping, unsubstantiated allegations.

Background

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) is a core United Nations human rights treaty adopted in 1965. India played a leading role in drafting this historic convention in the 1960s. To monitor how well countries are implementing the treaty, the UN established the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD). Member states must undergo regular reviews by this independent body of experts. Recently, an Indian delegation led by Solicitor General Tushar Mehta participated in India's 11th periodic review in Geneva. However, India firmly pushed back against the committee's findings, arguing that the UN body exceeded its mandate and ignored India's deeply rooted constitutional safeguards, such as Article 15 (prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth) and Article 17 (abolition of untouchability).

Prelims Facts

• India recently underwent its 11th periodic review by the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) in Geneva.
• The ICERD is a core UN human rights convention adopted in 1965 to combat all forms of racial discrimination.
• The Indian inter-ministerial delegation for the recent CERD review was officially led by the Solicitor General of India.
• Under the Fundamental Rights of the Indian Constitution, Article 15 explicitly prohibits discrimination by the State against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations (Important International Institutions), GS2: Polity (Fundamental Rights)

News Item

India strongly condemned a recent fatal ambush on the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), which resulted in the death of an Ethiopian peacekeeper. Paying tribute to the fallen "Blue Helmet," India demanded a thorough investigation and swift justice against the perpetrators.

Background

South Sudan, the world's newest nation, gained independence from Sudan in 2011 but has since been plagued by violent civil conflicts. To stabilize the region, the UN deployed UNMISS to protect civilians and monitor human rights. UN peacekeepers are globally recognized as "Blue Helmets" due to their distinctive headgear, which symbolizes neutrality. India, historically one of the largest troop-contributing nations to UN peacekeeping missions, has consistently advocated for the safety of these forces. During its UN Security Council presidency in 2021, India spearheaded UNSC Resolution 2589, which specifically calls for strict accountability and the prosecution of individuals committing crimes against UN peacekeepers.

Prelims Facts

• UNMISS stands for the United Nations Mission in South Sudan, deployed to protect civilians in the world's youngest country (capital: Juba).
• UN military personnel are popularly known as Blue Helmets due to their distinct light blue headgear symbolizing peace and neutrality.
• UNSC Resolution 2589, pushed aggressively by India in 2021, focuses on ensuring accountability for crimes committed against UN peacekeepers.
• South Sudan is a landlocked country in East-Central Africa, bordered by countries like Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations (Important International Institutions, agencies and fora - their structure, mandate)

News Item

India and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) recently held high-level discussions to push forward their Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations. The talks aim to strengthen their ongoing economic and strategic partnership while addressing mutual regional interests.

Background

The economic relationship between India and the Gulf nations is critical for India's energy security, as the region is a major supplier of oil and natural gas. Additionally, the Gulf region is home to millions of Indian expatriates who send vital remittances back to India. An FTA will reduce trade barriers, boost Indian exports, and make imports cheaper, deeply solidifying India's economic footprint in the Middle East.

Prelims Facts

• India and the GCC officially signed the Terms of Reference (ToR) to guide the FTA negotiations in February 2026.
• The total bilateral trade between India and the GCC reached around USD 178 billion in the financial year 2024-25.
• India's Ambassador to Saudi Arabia is Vipul, and the current GCC Secretary-General is Jasem Mohamed Albudaiwi.
• The GCC remains one of the largest trading blocs for India.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations

News Item

At the UNCCD COP17 held in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, India strongly called for predictable and sustained international funding to fight drought and restore degraded land. Highlighting that land restoration is a vital investment for future food and water security, Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav showcased India's successful domestic models like Sovereign Green Bonds and the Green Credit Programme.

Background

The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) is the only legally binding international treaty linking environmental conservation to sustainable land management. India is extremely vulnerable to desertification, with nearly 30% of its geographical area undergoing land degradation due to deforestation, overgrazing, and climate change. To combat this, India relies heavily on domestic funding mechanisms. One major tool is the Compensatory Afforestation Fund (CAMPA), which penalizes industries for diverting forest land and uses that money for ecosystem restoration. More recently, India launched the Green Credit Programme (GCP) to encourage private companies and citizens to voluntarily plant trees on degraded land in exchange for tradable credits. However, India argued at the COP17 that domestic efforts alone are not enough, and wealthy nations must step up with continuous global financial support.

Prelims Facts

• The 17th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP17) to the UNCCD was hosted in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
• The UNCCD (established in 1994) is the only legally binding international framework addressing desertification and land degradation.
• Under India's Green Credit Programme (GCP), tree plantation credits are heavily regulated and issued only after five years if the area achieves at least 40% canopy density.
• The Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) channels payments received for the diversion of forest land for industrial use towards ecosystem restoration.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment (Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation)

News Item

In a major boost to international sports diplomacy, the BRICS Sports Ministers’ Meeting successfully concluded in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, with the adoption of a Joint Declaration. Hosted under India's 2026 BRICS Presidency, the meeting focused on empowering youth, advancing sports technology, and strengthening cultural ties among member nations.

Background

BRICS originally started as an economic bloc of five major emerging economies (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). In a historic geopolitical shift in 2024, it expanded to officially include Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE. As India holds the prestigious BRICS Chairship for 2026, it is actively using sports diplomacy to build "people-to-people" connections across these diverse nations. The Visakhapatnam meeting led to several exciting initiatives, including a proposed BRICS Working Group on Sports Technology to leverage Artificial Intelligence (AI) and digital tools for enhancing athlete performance. To promote domestic manufacturing and innovation, India also secured broad support to host the inaugural BRICS Sports Manufacturing Conclave in Udaipur (November 2026) and the Traditional and Indigenous Sports Demonstration Games in Ahmedabad (October 2026).

Prelims Facts

• The BRICS Sports Ministers’ Meeting was successfully hosted by India in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, under its 2026 BRICS Chairship.
• India proposed the inaugural BRICS Sports Manufacturing Conclave, scheduled to be held in Udaipur, Rajasthan, in November 2026.
• The BRICS Traditional and Indigenous Sports Demonstration Games are planned to be hosted in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, in October 2026.
• Following its major expansion in 2024, the BRICS grouping now includes new members like Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE alongside the original five nations.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations (Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests)

News Item

The BRICS Tourism Ministers' Meeting successfully concluded in Jaipur, Rajasthan, with the unanimous adoption of the 'Jaipur Declaration'. Held under India's 2026 BRICS Chairship, the meeting focused on using Artificial Intelligence (AI), promoting sustainable travel, and creating a seamless, future-ready tourism ecosystem across member nations.

Background

BRICS is a major intergovernmental organization representing the rapidly developing economies of the "Global South." Originally comprising five nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), the bloc underwent a massive historic expansion in 2024 to officially include Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE. Holding the prestigious BRICS Chairship for 2026, India hosted the Tourism Track in Jaipur—globally renowned as the 'Pink City' and a UNESCO World Heritage site. The resulting declaration emphasizes that tourism shouldn't just be limited to big cities; it must reach remote villages to create grassroots jobs for artisans, weavers, and local guides. By leveraging modern technologies like AI for language translation and visitor services, India aims to make tourism a core economic pillar in achieving the vision of a 'Viksit Bharat' (Developed India) by 2047.

Prelims Facts

• The Jaipur Declaration was unanimously adopted to enhance tourism cooperation among member nations of the BRICS grouping.
• The meeting was hosted in Jaipur, Rajasthan, under the 2026 BRICS Chairship held by India.
• The theme for the 2026 BRICS Tourism Track was “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability.”
• The expanded BRICS bloc now consists of nine official member states, including new entrants like the UAE, Iran, Egypt, and Ethiopia.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations (Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India), GS3: Economy (Growth, Employment and Tourism)

News Item

Union Minister Dr. Mansukh Mandaviya and delegates from 11 BRICS nations visited the ancient Thotlakonda Buddhist heritage site in Visakhapatnam. The visit, held ahead of the BRICS Youth Ministers’ Meeting under India's 2026 Presidency, highlighted India's rich cultural heritage and its shared Buddhist connections with the world.

Background

Thotlakonda is an ancient Buddhist monastic complex located on a hill near the coast of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. Flourishing between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century CE, it was heavily influenced by the Hinayana (Theravada) school of Buddhism. The site features a Mahastupa, chaityas (prayer halls), viharas (monasteries), and ancient rock-cut cisterns that stored water for the monks. Its strategic coastal location indicates that it served as a major transit hub for Buddhist monks and trade networks travelling to Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. The BRICS delegates' visit to such sites underscores India's effort to use cultural diplomacy during its 2026 BRICS Presidency, blending youth empowerment and modern sports cooperation with a deep appreciation for shared historical connections.

Prelims Facts

• Thotlakonda is a prominent ancient Buddhist monastic site located in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
• The site belongs to the Hinayana school of Buddhism and flourished primarily during the Satavahana dynasty.
• India holds the BRICS Chairship for the year 2026, leading various tracks including Youth and Sports Ministers' meetings.
• The 'Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam' campaign is a nationwide tree-plantation drive launched by the Prime Minister of India to promote environmental conservation.

GS Mapping

GS1: Art and Culture (Architecture and Heritage), GS2: International Relations

News Item

India recently hosted and chaired the 12th BRICS Communications Ministers Meeting in Pune, Maharashtra. Led by Union Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia, the summit focused on boosting digital cooperation, expanding digital public infrastructure (DPI), and ensuring secure, future-ready tech growth among member nations.

Background

BRICS originally started as a group of five major emerging economies (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) but underwent a historic expansion in 2024 to include Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE. As this bloc grows to become a powerful voice for the "Global South", seamless and secure digital communication between these developing nations is vital. India used the Pune meeting to showcase its highly successful Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)—such as UPI and Aadhaar—offering it as a model of inclusive digital transformation for other developing countries. The meeting's theme perfectly highlighted the urgent need for shared cybersecurity, resilient supply chains, and future-ready networks to bridge the digital divide.

Prelims Facts

• The 12th BRICS Communications Ministers Meeting was hosted by India in the city of Pune.
• The theme of the meeting was "Innovate, Cooperate and Transform (ICT) for a Resilient Future".
• Following its major 2024 expansion, BRICS now includes Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE alongside the original five members.
• India actively promoted its Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) framework as a scalable solution for inclusive digital connectivity across the Global South.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations (Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests)

News Item

As part of India's BRICS Presidency for 2026, the BRICS Youth Council Meeting and Youth Summit have officially commenced in Gandhinagar, Gujarat. Centred around the core theme of 'Yuva Shakti' (Youth Power), the summit aims to harness youth-led innovation and will culminate with a key Ministerial Meeting in Visakhapatnam to adopt a Joint Statement on Youth Cooperation.

Background

BRICS is a major intergovernmental geopolitical bloc representing the world's leading emerging economies. Originally coined as 'BRIC' (Brazil, Russia, India, China) in 2001 and formalized in 2009, it became BRICS with the addition of South Africa in 2010. The group saw a massive expansion in January 2024 by formally inducting Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), transforming into a formidable voice for the "Global South". The presidency of the forum rotates annually among its members, and India holds the prestigious chair for the year 2026. The Youth Summit serves as a critical Track-II diplomatic platform, bringing together young changemakers, entrepreneurs, and policymakers from member nations to build strong people-to-people ties and collaborate on sustainable development goals.

Prelims Facts

• The BRICS Youth Council Meeting and Youth Summit 2026 are being hosted by India in Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
• The culminating BRICS Youth Ministers’ Meeting is scheduled to be held in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
• India is holding the rotating BRICS Presidency for the year 2026.
• The central theme of the 2026 Youth Summit highlights ‘Yuva Shakti’ (Youth Power) as a driving force for innovation and sustainable development.
• BRICS underwent a major expansion in 2024, inducting four new nations: Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations (Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests)

News Item

India recently hosted the 12th BRICS Environment Ministers' Meeting in New Delhi, emphasizing a people-centric and implementation-oriented approach to climate action. Union Minister Bhupender Yadav highlighted India's priorities—including sustainable lifestyles, circular economy, and forest fire management—concluding the summit with the adoption of a Joint Ministerial Statement.

Background

The BRICS grouping (originally Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) represents the world's major emerging economies and expanded on January 1, 2024, to include Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE. Under India's presidency, the environmental agenda heavily focused on the concerns of the Global South, where environmental vulnerabilities are closely tied to developmental challenges. The meeting highlighted initiatives like Mission LiFE and the 'Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam' (A Tree in Mother's Name) campaign to link ecological restoration with community ownership. The adopted Joint Statement introduces frameworks for sharing knowledge on sustainable lifestyles, combating desertification, preparing for forest fires, and integrating traditional knowledge with modern science for community-based climate adaptation.

Prelims Facts

• The 12th BRICS Environment Ministers' Meeting was hosted in New Delhi under India's presidency.
• The summit concluded with the adoption of a Joint Ministerial Statement and four knowledge compendiums.
• India championed the 'Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam' campaign, linking afforestation with emotional community participation.
• Key priorities discussed included combating desertification, circular economy, and robust preparedness for forest fires.
• BRICS expanded its membership in 2024 by officially inducting Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations (Bilateral, regional and global groupings), GS3: Environment (Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation)

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An Indian Army contingent has departed for Thailand to participate in the 15th edition of the Joint Military Exercise 'MAITREE' (2026). Scheduled to be held at the Vibhavadi Rangsit Camp in Surat Thani, Thailand, the exercise focuses on enhancing interoperability in counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations in jungle and semi-urban terrains.

Background

The MAITREE exercise was initiated in 2006 as a cornerstone of bilateral military cooperation between India and Thailand. Thailand is a crucial strategic partner for India in the ASEAN region, central to India's Act East Policy. The 2026 edition (15th) involves 85 personnel from each side, with the Indian contingent primarily drawn from the 9 Gorkha Rifles. The exercise is conducted strictly under the mandate of Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, which authorizes collective military action to restore international peace and security. Training modules will include tactical drills, battle discussions, and the integration of modern combat technologies, ultimately strengthening long-term bilateral defense ties and goodwill between the two armed forces.

Prelims Facts

• Exercise MAITREE is a joint bilateral military exercise conducted between the armies of India and Thailand.
• The 15th edition (2026) is being hosted at Surat Thani in Thailand.
• The Indian contingent for the 2026 exercise is primarily composed of troops from the 9 Gorkha Rifles.
• The exercise is mandated under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, focusing on counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency operations.
• The inaugural edition of Exercise MAITREE was held in the year 2006.

GS Mapping

GS3: Security Forces and their Mandate, GS2: International Relations (Bilateral groupings and agreements)

News Item

On the occasion of International Youth Day 2026, the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) facilitated the selection of three Indian 'Sanchar Mitras' as Generation Connect Youth Envoys (GCYE) for the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). This prestigious global recognition empowers young Indians to actively participate in international discussions on digital transformation and inclusive technology.

Background

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations' specialized agency for information and communication technologies (ICTs). To bridge the global digital divide and empower the youth, the ITU runs the 'Generation Connect' initiative. In India, the DoT runs the Sanchar Mitra Scheme, which aims to engage young volunteers at the grassroots level to spread awareness about digital literacy, cybersecurity, telecom services, and consumer rights. Elevating these local volunteers to a global UN platform perfectly aligns with India's broader vision of youth-led digital empowerment and inclusive growth.

Prelims Facts

• Three Indian Sanchar Mitras were selected as Generation Connect Youth Envoys (GCYE) for the ITU.
• The announcement coincided with International Youth Day, celebrated globally on August 12.
• The theme for International Youth Day 2026 was highlighted as ‘Different Contexts, Common Aspirations’.
• The Sanchar Mitra Scheme is a flagship initiative of the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) to promote digital awareness at the grassroots level.
• The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

GS Mapping

GS2: Government Policies, GS2: Important International Institutions, GS3: Awareness in IT

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Under India’s 2026 BRICS Chairship, the 11th BRICS Culture Ministers’ Meeting was successfully held in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. The summit concluded with the adoption of the Bhopal Declaration, a strategic agreement aimed at strengthening cultural ties, protecting heritage, and addressing the impact of Artificial Intelligence on artists' rights.

Background

The BRICS grouping, which recently expanded to include nations like Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE, represents a massive share of the world's population and rich cultural diversity. The Culture Ministers' Meeting acts as a vital platform to promote the global "Orange Economy" (creative and cultural industries). At the Bhopal summit, leaders focused on using digital platforms to help artists reach wider markets and protecting traditional folk knowledge. A major highlight was India's announcement of a pilot Voluntary Artist Registry to build a professional global network of creatives, while ensuring the fair use of copyrighted works in the rapidly growing Artificial Intelligence era.

Prelims Facts

• The 11th BRICS Culture Ministers’ Meeting was hosted in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh under India's 2026 BRICS Chairship.
• Representatives from 14 countries (10 BRICS members and 4 partner countries) unanimously adopted the Bhopal Declaration.
• India launched a pilot Voluntary Artist Registry to facilitate professional networking among artists from member countries.
• A unique focus of the summit was addressing the emerging challenges posed by Artificial Intelligence (AI) on artists’ rights and copyrighted works.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations, GS1: Art & Culture

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The BRICS WAVES Bazaar, a major international marketplace focusing on the creative and cultural sectors, recently commenced in Mumbai. Bringing together over 500 delegates from BRICS and partner nations, the event aims to transform cross-border ideas into solid business partnerships and significantly boost the global "Orange Economy".

Background

The creative economy, widely known as the Orange Economy, encompasses sectors like cinema, arts, design, fashion, and digital media. In recent years, India has rapidly emerged as a global powerhouse for digital content creation and filmmaking. Platforms like the BRICS WAVES Bazaar (where WAVES ties into India's larger World Audio Visual & Entertainment Summit initiatives) provide a crucial B2B (business-to-business) environment. This allows creators, technology experts, and policymakers from major emerging economies to collaborate seamlessly. By blurring the lines between traditional art and modern technology, such forums ensure that cultural heritage translates into massive employment generation and sustainable economic wealth.

Prelims Facts

• The BRICS WAVES Bazaar was hosted in Mumbai, Maharashtra, serving as a networking hub for the global creative industry.
• The event witnessed participation from delegates of 20 countries, featuring specialized zones like the Creators’ Hub and a dedicated B2B Zone.
• It was held with active involvement from India's Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and the National Film Development Corporation (NFDC).
• The term "Orange Economy" specifically denotes industries driven by intellectual property, arts, and creative technologies.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations, GS3: Economy

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Under its 2026 BRICS Presidency, India successfully hosted the 10th BRICS Industry Ministers' Meeting in Jaipur, Rajasthan. The summit focused on accelerating industrial growth through enhanced cooperation in MSMEs, solar energy (photovoltaics), startups, and logistics.

Background

The BRICS nations collectively represent a massive portion of the global population, economy, and industrial output. The overarching goal of the 2026 Indian Presidency is to shift from mere dialogue to practical, on-the-ground cooperation under the Partnership on New Industrial Revolution (PartNIR). By proposing initiatives like the BRICS Incubator Network and Startup Innovation Fund, India aims to leverage the complementary strengths of member nations. This collaboration is crucial for building resilient global supply chains, fostering innovation-led growth, and strengthening the "Orange Economy" (creative and digital sectors) across the Global South.

Prelims Facts

• The 10th BRICS Industry Ministers’ Meeting was held in Jaipur, Rajasthan.
• The overarching theme for the event was “Manufacturing for Resilience, Innovation, Collaboration, and Sustainable Development”.
• India proposed the creation of a BRICS Incubator Network and a BRICS Startup Innovation Fund to drive technology-led growth.
• The meeting was held under the broader framework of the Partnership on New Industrial Revolution (PartNIR).

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations, GS3: Economy

News Item

India is hosting the meeting of the Heads of National Statistical Offices (NSO) of BRICS countries in Lucknow. The gathering focuses on improving data quality, embracing innovation, and strengthening cooperation among member nations to build highly efficient and people-centric statistical systems.

Background

The BRICS alliance initially brought together five major emerging economies—Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—to challenge the traditional Western-led global governance structures. Recently, the bloc has expanded into "BRICS+" by inducting new members from the Middle East and Africa, making it a powerful voice for the Global South. In India, the National Statistical Office (NSO), functioning under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), serves as the nodal agency for national data collection. Collaborative statistical efforts among these nations are crucial because accurate, uniform data is the foundation for tracking economic growth, achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and formulating evidence-based policies across these vast populations.

Prelims Facts

• The BRICS NSO Heads' meeting is being held in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, under India's Chairship.
• India's overarching theme for its BRICS Chairship is "Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability (BRICS)".
• The specific theme adopted for the Statistics track by India is "Quality Statistics as Driver of Change".
• Side events at the meeting will explore cutting-edge topics like unlocking the potential of Administrative Data and Artificial Intelligence (AI) readiness in the modern data ecosystem.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations | GS2: Global Groupings

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The Ministry of Coal released 'AAROH: Annual Mine Closure Report', India's first comprehensive report documenting scientific mine closure and post-mining land repurposing developed by the Coal Controller Organisation. Additionally, an implementation agreement was signed with Germany's GIZ under the Indo-German Green and Sustainable Development Partnership for the "To-Be-Closed Coal Mines" project, supported by a €10 million financial grant up to 2030.

Background

Coal mining in India leaves behind large tracts of degraded land, posing long-term ecological, safety, and socio-economic challenges for local communities. Moving away from viewing mine closure as simply the end of mining, the government’s Mine Closure Guidelines 2025 structure it as a scientific and community-centric transformation. Institutional frameworks like RECLAIM, LIVES, and the SUVIKALP digital platform facilitate land repurposing for renewable energy, eco-tourism, and agriculture. Under the updated policy, 25% of approved mine closure costs are reserved for community development, leveraging a dedicated fund of over $5 billion (~₹40,000 crore) for progressive and final mine closures across India.

Prelims Facts

• AAROH is India's first annual report on scientific mine closure, covering 42 closed coal mine profiles.
• The Coal Ministry signed an agreement with Germany's GIZ (€10 million co-funded by EU) for technical cooperation on closed coal mines up to 2030.
• Under the Mine Closure Guidelines 2025, 25% of approved mine closure costs are earmarked for local community development.
• The digital tool SUVIKALP serves as a mine repurposing and decision-support platform for post-mining land use.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment and Ecology, Infrastructure (Energy)

News Item

Strengthening India's technological sovereignty, the government has accelerated the IndiaAI Mission by approving 58 Artificial Intelligence Centers of Excellence (AI-CoEs) across the country. Additionally, India and the USA are collaborating under the PAX Silica initiative to enhance access to critical AI computing infrastructure.

Background

As Artificial Intelligence becomes a critical driver of the global economy, nations are racing to build independent AI capabilities (Sovereign AI). The IndiaAI Mission, functioning under the Ministry of Electronics and IT, is based on the democratization of technology. Its goal is to create homegrown Large Language Models (LLMs) and Small Language Models (SLMs) tailored to Indian languages and specific use cases like healthcare and agriculture (e.g., BharatGen, Sarvam AI). A major bottleneck in AI development is the lack of massive computing power (GPUs). To resolve this, the mission is funding indigenous compute capacity and forging global partnerships like the PAX Silica initiative with the United States to secure access to advanced processors.

Prelims Facts

• The government has approved the establishment of 58 Artificial Intelligence Centers of Excellence (AI-CoEs) across various states.
• The PAX Silica Initiative is a strategic technology collaboration between India and the USA to secure access to AI computing hardware and processors.
• Successful indigenous language models developed under Indian support include Sarvam AI (105 billion parameter model), Gnani.AI (speech-to-speech), and BharatGen.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology (Awareness in the fields of IT, Computers, Robotics)

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The Embassy of India in Azerbaijan inaugurated a permanent exhibition on India’s UNESCO World Heritage Sites at its premises in Baku. Comprising 17 exhibition panels, the initiative showcases selected Indian cultural and natural landmarks and seeks to strengthen cultural and people-to-people relations between India and Azerbaijan.

Prelims Facts

• The permanent exhibition was inaugurated at the Embassy of India in Baku.
• Baku is the capital of Azerbaijan.
• The exhibition comprises 17 panels on selected UNESCO World Heritage Sites of India.
• It was jointly inaugurated by Indian Ambassador Abhay Kumar and Anna Soave of UN-Habitat Azerbaijan.
• The UNESCO World Heritage Convention was adopted in 1972.
• World Heritage properties may be classified as cultural, natural or mixed.
• Outstanding Universal Value is central to inscription on the World Heritage List.
• The World Heritage Committee decides on the inscription of nominated properties.
• UNESCO inscription does not transfer the sovereignty or ownership of a property.

GS Mapping

GS1: Indian art, culture and heritage; GS2: Cultural diplomacy, India–Azerbaijan relations and international organisations.

News Item

Union Minister for Law and Justice Arjun Ram Meghwal extended greetings on International Justice Day, observed on 17 July. He emphasised the collective responsibility to build a just and compassionate society based on equal opportunities, human dignity and accessible justice.

Prelims Facts

• International Justice Day is observed on 17 July.
• It commemorates the adoption of the Rome Statute on 17 July 1998.
• The Rome Statute is the founding treaty of the International Criminal Court.
• The Rome Statute entered into force on 1 July 2002.
• The ICC is headquartered at The Hague in the Netherlands.
• The ICC prosecutes individuals, not states.
• The principle of complementarity gives primary responsibility for prosecution to national jurisdictions.
• The International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice are distinct institutions.

GS Mapping

GS2: International institutions, international law, justice, human rights and rule of law.

News Item

The Indian Navy will host Operation Southern Readiness 26-2 at the Southern Naval Command, Kochi, from 20–23 July 2026. The multinational training engagement will be conducted with the Combined Maritime Forces under the Indian Navy-led Combined Task Force 154 to enhance maritime interoperability and professional cooperation.

Prelims Facts

• Operation Southern Readiness 26-2 will be held from 20–23 July 2026.
• It will be hosted by the Southern Naval Command at Kochi.
• The engagement is being conducted in partnership with the Combined Maritime Forces.
• It will operate under the Indian Navy-led Combined Task Force 154.
• CTF 154 is the dedicated maritime security training task force of the Combined Maritime Forces.
• CTF 154 was established in May 2023.
• The Indian Navy assumed command of CTF 154 in February 2026.
• The training includes maritime law, counter-narcotics, force protection, boarding procedures and maritime uncrewed systems.

GS Mapping

GS2: International maritime cooperation; GS3: Maritime security, naval training and defence interoperability.

News Item

At the 49th Session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC49) in Geneva, seven food standards and guidelines developed under India’s chairmanship or co-chairmanship were adopted. The Commission also approved India’s proposal to initiate work on an international Codex Standard for Cashew Kernels.

Prelims Facts

• CAC is part of the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme.
• The Codex Alimentarius Commission held its first meeting in 1963.
• CAC49 was held in Geneva from 6–10 July 2026.
• Seven India-led or India-supported Codex texts were adopted at CAC49.
• Standards for dried coriander seeds and fresh curry leaves were developed under India’s chairmanship.
• New work on a Codex Standard for Cashew Kernels will be undertaken under the Codex Committee on Processed Fruits and Vegetables.
• India became Co-Chair of the Electronic Working Group on New Food Sources and Production Systems.
• Codex standards promote consumer protection, food safety and fair international food trade.

GS Mapping

GS2: International organisations and India’s role in global institutions; GS3: Food safety, food processing and agricultural exports.

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Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited the historic Prambanan Temple near Yogyakarta, Indonesia, along with Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto. The visit brought attention to how Hinduism in Indonesia adapted itself to the country’s legal requirement of monotheism by presenting the Trimurti tradition as the manifestation of one supreme divine principle.

Background

Indonesia’s Constitution guarantees religious freedom, but the modern Indonesian state is based on Pancasila, whose first principle is belief in one supreme God. This created a challenge for Indonesian Hinduism because the state’s early criteria for recognising a religion required monotheism, a recognised holy scripture and a prophet. Hinduism, especially in Bali, responded by organising itself through institutions such as Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia (PHDI) and by presenting Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa as the single supreme deity. Hinduism received official recognition in Indonesia in 1962, and six religions were later formalised as recognised agama in 1965.

Prelims Facts

• Prambanan Temple is located near Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
• It is a 9th-century Hindu temple complex.
• It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• It is the largest Hindu temple complex in Indonesia.
• The temple complex is associated with the Trimurti: Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva.
• PM Narendra Modi visited Prambanan Temple with Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto.
• Indonesia’s state philosophy is Pancasila.
• The first principle of Pancasila is belief in one supreme God.
• Hinduism received official recognition in Indonesia in 1962.
• Six recognised religions were formalised as agama in 1965.
• Indonesia recognises Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism.
• Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia (PHDI) was founded in Bali in 1959.
• Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa is the supreme divine concept in Indonesian Hinduism.
• In Indonesia, religious identity is linked to civil documents and public life, including national identity cards, marriage registration, birth certificates and school religious education.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The Indonesian case shows that plural religious traditions often adapt to the political language of the state. Hinduism in Indonesia could not receive recognition merely as a diverse set of rituals and local traditions; it had to present a unified monotheistic structure. Reformers achieved this by placing Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa at the centre while allowing local deities, ancestor worship, rituals and funerary practices to continue. This reflects a broader lesson: cultural survival is not always about rigid preservation; sometimes it depends on creative reinterpretation. For India-Indonesia relations, Prambanan strengthens civilisational diplomacy and shows the deep historical spread of Indic traditions in Southeast Asia.

GS Mapping

GS1: Indian Culture, Southeast Asian Heritage, Temple Architecture, Religious Traditions; GS2: India-Indonesia Relations, Constitutional Treatment of Religion, Religious Freedom

News Item

Observed globally on July 11, World Population Day highlights the urgency of addressing population-related challenges. The 2026 observance focuses on empowering the youth to ensure sustainable development and a dignified future for all.

Background

The event traces its origin to the "Day of Five Billion" on July 11, 1987, when the global population reached that milestone. Recognizing the need for focused attention on population dynamics, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Governing Council established the day in 1989. It is now primarily led by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). The day serves as a platform to discuss the nexus between population growth, reproductive health, environmental sustainability, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Prelims Facts

• World Population Day: Observed annually on July 11.
• Theme 2026: "Realizing the hopes and aspirations of young people – today and for the future."
• Origin: Inspired by the "Day of Five Billion" (July 11, 1987).
• Established by: UNDP Governing Council in 1989.
• Lead Agency: United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA).

GS Mapping

GS2: Social Issues (Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources)

News Item

India will chair the 9th Session of the Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Consumer Protection Law and Policy at Geneva, Switzerland, from 6 to 8 July 2026. The session is being organised by United Nations Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and will discuss consumer protection priorities such as consumer education, sustainable consumption, product safety, cross-border consumer protection and enforcement in global markets.

Background

The session will bring together Member States, international organisations, consumer protection authorities, academia and other stakeholders. Nidhi Khare, Secretary, Department of Consumer Affairs, will chair the three-day session. A major highlight will be the launch of the United Nations Principles for Consumer Product Safety, adopted by the UN General Assembly in December 2025.

Prelims Facts

• India will chair the 9th Session of the IGE on Consumer Protection Law and Policy.
• The session will be held in Geneva, Switzerland, from 6 to 8 July 2026.
• It is organised by United Nations Trade and Development (UNCTAD).
• Nidhi Khare, Secretary, Department of Consumer Affairs, will chair the session.
• The IGE is the principal intergovernmental platform for cooperation and dialogue on consumer protection law and policy.
• A major highlight is the launch of the United Nations Principles for Consumer Product Safety.
• These Principles were adopted by the UN General Assembly in December 2025.
• India will participate in a high-level fireside chat titled “Why the Principles Matter.”
• Key themes include consumer information and education, sustainable consumption, enforcement in global markets and cross-border consumer protection.
• UNCTAD was established in 1964 and is headquartered in Geneva.
• Important UNCTAD reports include World Investment Report, Trade and Development Report, Digital Economy Report, Technology and Innovation Report, Least Developed Countries Report and Review of Maritime Transport.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• India’s chairing of the UNCTAD consumer protection session is significant because consumer rights are now deeply linked with global trade, digital platforms and cross-border e-commerce. The launch of UN product safety principles can help countries develop common standards for safe products, especially in online and international markets. For India, this is an opportunity to project its experience in consumer grievance redressal, digital governance and market regulation while learning from global best practices.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Organisations, Governance, Consumer Protection; GS3: Trade, E-commerce, Sustainable Consumption

News Item

CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has entered a four-year shutdown for a major upgrade costing about $1.5 billion, which will convert it into the High-Luminosity LHC. The upgrade aims to increase collision data and improve chances of detecting rare physics signals, while CERN also debates whether to build the much larger Future Circular Collider.

Background

The LHC is the world’s largest particle collider and is best known for the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012. However, the Standard Model of particle physics still cannot fully explain dark matter, dark energy and other unresolved questions. The LHC is expected to run until around 2041, while a decision on a possible successor collider is expected around 2028.

Prelims Facts

• CERN is the European Organization for Nuclear Research.
• Large Hadron Collider is CERN’s flagship particle collider.
• The LHC discovered the Higgs boson in 2012.
• The LHC has entered a four-year shutdown for an upgrade costing about $1.5 billion.
• The upgraded machine will be called the High-Luminosity LHC.
• The upgrade aims to increase the number of collisions, not primarily the collision energy.
• The LHC is expected to run until around 2041.
• The proposed Future Circular Collider involves a 91-km tunnel.
• A build-or-abandon decision on the FCC is expected around 2028.
• The current cost estimate for the FCC is about $19 billion.
• A possible later FCC proton machine could reach around 100 TeV.
• The Standard Model cannot fully explain dark matter, dark energy and matter-antimatter imbalance.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The editorial raises a core science-policy dilemma: should governments fund extremely expensive basic science infrastructure when discovery is uncertain? The argument for such investments is that they push the boundaries of knowledge, create advanced technologies, train scientists and engineers, and strengthen global collaboration. The criticism is that a bigger collider may only refine known physics rather than discover new phenomena. A balanced approach requires transparent cost-benefit assessment, international cost sharing, open data, technology spillovers and continued support for diverse scientific methods beyond colliders.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology, Basic Research, International Collaboration, Infrastructure