Current Affairs Revision Hub

News Item

India set a Guinness World Record for the world’s longest steel slag road at Raigarh in Chhattisgarh. The 1.85-km road uses processed steel slag, an industrial by-product, as road-construction aggregate.

Background

Steel slag is a by-product of steel manufacturing. Instead of disposing it as industrial waste, processed slag can be converted into road-making aggregate.

The technology has been developed and promoted by CSIR-Central Road Research Institute (CSIR-CRRI). It supports circular-economy and “Waste to Wealth” objectives by reducing dependence on natural stone aggregates.

Earlier applications of the technology include steel slag road projects in Gujarat and a National Highway section on NH-66.

Prelims Facts

• The record road is located at Raigarh in Chhattisgarh.
• Its length is 1.85 km.
• Steel slag is a by-product of steel manufacturing.
• CSIR-CRRI has developed and promoted steel slag road technology in India.
• Steel slag can substitute part or all of natural aggregates in suitable road layers after processing.
• The technology is associated with the Waste to Wealth approach.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology; Infrastructure

News Item

India has administered more than 80 lakh HPV vaccine doses under the National HPV Vaccination Campaign. The campaign provides free, voluntary, single-dose vaccination to 14-year-old girls for protection against Human Papillomavirus-linked cervical cancer.

Background

The nationwide campaign was launched on 28 February 2026. India uses Gardasil-4, a quadrivalent HPV vaccine protecting against HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18. Types 16 and 18 are especially important because of their association with cervical cancer.

Vaccination is provided through government health facilities with parental consent.

Prelims Facts

• More than 80 lakh HPV vaccine doses have been administered under the campaign.
• The target group is 14-year-old girls.
• Vaccination is free, voluntary and single-dose under the national campaign.
• The nationwide programme was launched on 28 February 2026.
• Gardasil-4 protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18.
• Uttar Pradesh recorded more than 22 lakh vaccinations, the highest number among States reported by the Health Ministry.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• HPV vaccination can strengthen India's shift from treatment-centred cancer care to prevention. Its success depends on high coverage, public trust, continued screening and timely diagnosis, because vaccination is one component of a broader cervical-cancer prevention strategy.

GS Mapping

GS2: Health

News Item

The Government highlighted critical minerals as vital for India's energy security, industrial competitiveness and national security. Their importance is rising because clean energy, electric mobility, semiconductors, defence and advanced technologies depend heavily on secure mineral supply chains.

Background

India launched the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) in 2025 to strengthen domestic exploration, processing, recycling and overseas sourcing. India has identified 30 critical minerals, of which 24 are included in Part D of the First Schedule to the MMDR Act, 1957.

Prelims Facts

• India has identified 30 critical minerals.
• 24 are included in Part D of the First Schedule to the MMDR Act, 1957.
• The Central Government has exclusive authority to auction mining leases and composite licences for these specified 24 minerals.
• NCMM was launched in 2025.
• GSI has been tasked with 1,200 exploration projects during 2024–25 to 2030–31.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology, Energy Security

News Item

The National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT), under the Ministry of Electronics & IT (MeitY), has officially integrated its NIELIT Digital University (NDU) platform with the digital learning resources of Saylor Academy (USA). This collaboration aims to provide Indian learners with free, self-paced, globally relevant courses in AI, programming, and data science.

Background

The push for democratizing digital education is a core component of the Digital India initiative and the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. NIELIT acts as the premier capacity-building arm of the government in Information, Electronics & Communications Technology (IECT). The NIELIT Digital University (NDU) is designed to offer accessible, on-demand skilling and upskilling opportunities, particularly reaching learners in Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities. Saylor Academy is a non-profit initiative based in the US that offers free, open-source online education. By aggregating global content on an Indian platform, the government is focusing on creating a future-ready, globally competitive workforce capable of navigating the rapidly evolving tech landscape.

Prelims Facts

• Parent Ministry for NIELIT: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
• International Partner: Saylor Academy/University (United States).
• Objective: To democratize access to high-quality, free digital education (AI, Data Science, Cyber Security) via the NDU platform.
• Key Domestic MoU Partners: NIELIT also exchanged MoUs with CII, NASSCOM, Pearson India, and Dassault Systèmes to strengthen industry-academia linkages.

GS Mapping

GS2: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources; GS3: Awareness in the fields of IT, Computers.

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi will inaugurate the Emerging Science, Technology and Innovation Conclave (ESTIC) 2026 at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, scheduled for October 2026. The conclave aims to break institutional silos and bring together startups, researchers, policymakers, and global scientific leaders, including three Nobel Laureates.

Background

The ESTIC was conceptualized to unite the scattered science and technology ecosystem under a single umbrella, moving away from isolated annual events. It operates under a "whole-of-government" approach, guided by the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) to the Government of India, and organized primarily by the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR). The conclave strongly aligns with the national goal of Viksit Bharat by 2047, emphasizing deep-tech startups, artificial intelligence, ocean technologies (like the Deep Ocean Mission), and advanced healthcare.

Prelims Facts

• Event: Emerging Science, Technology and Innovation Conclave (ESTIC) 2026.
• Venue: Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi.
• Nodal Organizing Lab: CSIR-NIIST, Thiruvananthapuram.
• Startup Ecosystem: India currently has over 2.3 lakh startups, making it the third-largest startup ecosystem globally. Over 50-60% of these now originate from Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities.

GS Mapping

GS3: Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology; Indigenization of technology and developing new technology.

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently addressed the International Space Summit in Paris, advocating for global cooperation, sustainability, and peaceful space exploration. Highlighting India’s major space achievements like Chandrayaan-3, he reiterated the country's ambitious goals to establish an indigenous space station by 2035 and land an Indian on the Moon by 2040.

Background

The governance of outer space is broadly guided by international treaties like the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which designates space as the "province of all mankind." With the rapid commercialisation of space and increasing orbital debris, multilateral forums like the International Space Summit are crucial for formulating sustainable space policies. India's space diplomacy, deeply rooted in its Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (One Earth, One Family, One Future) philosophy, emphasizes cost-effective, inclusive, and peaceful exploration. The Indo-French space partnership is one of India's oldest and most trusted, dating back to the 1960s when France assisted in setting up the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) in Kerala.

Prelims Facts

• Host City: The International Space Summit was held in Paris, France.
• ISRO's Global Reach: ISRO has successfully launched over 430 payloads from 34 countries using its indigenous launch vehicles.
• Historic Milestones: Chandrayaan-3 made India the first country to land near the lunar south pole, and Aditya-L1 is India's first dedicated solar observatory.
• Historic Ties: France has been a trusted space partner since the 1960s (starting with the Thumba launch station in Kerala) and current collaborations heavily focus on Earth observation and advanced technologies.

GS Mapping

GS2: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India's interests; GS3: Awareness in the fields of Space.

News Item

India endorsed the international Call to Action for 6G Leadership and Security, joining other governments seeking open, interoperable, secure and resilient next-generation telecom networks. The Department of Telecommunications will coordinate India's follow-up actions.

Background

6G refers to the expected sixth generation of mobile communication technology after 5G. It is expected to support extremely high-speed, low-latency and intelligent networks for advanced digital services.

India's domestic 6G ecosystem includes the Bharat 6G Vision and Bharat 6G Alliance. India has stated an ambition to contribute around 10% of global 6G standards and patents.

The international initiative focuses on network security, supply-chain resilience, interoperability and cooperation in R&D and global standards.

Prelims Facts

• India endorsed the Call to Action for 6G Leadership and Security.
• The initiative promotes open, interoperable, secure and resilient networks.
• The Department of Telecommunications will coordinate India's participation.
• India aims to contribute around 10% of global 6G standards and patents.
• Bharat 6G Vision and Bharat 6G Alliance form part of India's domestic 6G ecosystem.
• Participation does not bind India to surrender its independent position in international standards bodies.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Participation in global 6G standard-setting is strategically important because telecommunications standards influence technology supply chains, cybersecurity and future digital markets. India can benefit by strengthening domestic R&D, semiconductor capabilities and industry-academia cooperation.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology

News Item

The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) launched an Aadhaar Face Authentication SDK and Sandbox at Global Fintech Fest 2026. The tools allow banks, fintech firms and government platforms to integrate and test Aadhaar face authentication more easily within their own applications.

Background

UIDAI is the statutory authority responsible for the Aadhaar ecosystem under the Aadhaar Act, 2016.

UIDAI's Face Authentication system uses AI/ML-based liveness and anti-spoofing features. Its face-authentication solution was introduced in 2021.

Prelims Facts

• UIDAI launched the Aadhaar Face Authentication SDK and Sandbox on 9 September 2026.
• The SDK supports native Android and iOS applications.
• It includes AI/ML-based liveness and anti-spoofing capabilities.
• The Sandbox enables controlled testing before production deployment.
• UIDAI's Face Authentication solution was launched in 2021.
• UIDAI is a statutory authority under the Aadhaar Act, 2016.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology

News Item

India launched the advanced Ocean Research Vessel Sagar Manthan at Kolkata on 9 September 2026. The indigenous research vessel is being built by GRSE for the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research under the Ministry of Earth Sciences.

Background

Sagar Manthan is being developed under Vertical-4: Deep Ocean Survey and Exploration of India's Deep Ocean Mission.

The approximately ₹840-crore multidisciplinary vessel will support oceanographic surveys, geophysical profiling, atmospheric observations, water-column sampling and deployment of remotely operated and autonomous underwater vehicles.

It is expected to gradually replace the older ORV Sagar Kanya.

Prelims Facts

• ORV Sagar Manthan was launched at Kolkata.
• It is being built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers.
• It is being developed for the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research.
• The vessel is under the Ministry of Earth Sciences.
• It forms part of Vertical-4 of the Deep Ocean Mission.
• The approximate project cost is ₹840 crore.
• Final delivery is scheduled for 2028.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology; Blue Economy

News Item

India has officially joined an international coalition of 25 countries, alongside the United States, to collaboratively shape the development of 6G telecommunications networks. This partnership aims to ensure secure, innovative, and competitive next-generation digital infrastructure for the future.

Background

As the world transitions from 5G, global powers are racing to establish standards for 6G, which is expected to revolutionize digital communication with ultra-high speeds and near-zero latency. The strategic alignment on 6G was formalized during the G20 Innovation Ministerial meeting in the US. Domestically, India has already laid the groundwork through the Bharat 6G Vision Document, which targets the successful deployment of 6G network technologies in the country by 2030.

Prelims Facts

• Global Initiative: India joins a 25-nation coalition to develop secure and competitive 6G technologies.
• Key Venue: The announcement followed bilateral discussions at the G20 Innovation Ministerial held in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
• Bilateral Focus: India and the US emphasized boosting cooperation in semiconductors, Artificial Intelligence (AI), data centres, and ISM 2.0 (India Semiconductor Mission).
• Domestic Target: India aims to launch 6G services by 2030 under the Bharat 6G Vision Document.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science & Technology | GS2: International Relations

News Item

The Indian Air Force (IAF) is organizing Drone-a-thon 2026, a major technological event aimed at showcasing India's domestic capabilities in Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and Counter-Unmanned Aerial Systems (CUAS). The event will provide a platform for startups, innovators, and industry experts to demonstrate cutting-edge drone and anti-drone technologies.

Background

Drones, or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), are increasingly becoming critical in modern warfare and defense logistics. To reduce reliance on foreign imports and promote self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat), the Indian government launched the iDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence) scheme and relaxed the Drone Rules in 2021. The IAF's Drone-a-thon aligns with these national goals by encouraging indigenous innovation to meet future operational security challenges.

Prelims Facts

• Event: IAF Drone-a-thon 2026.
• Organizer: Indian Air Force (IAF).
• Venue: Pokhran Range, Jaisalmer (Rajasthan).
• Core Focus Areas: Surveillance and reconnaissance, autonomous operations, swarm technology, and electronic warfare.
• Objective: To build a technologically advanced and indigenous force in alignment with the Atmanirbhar Bharat vision.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology | GS3: Defence and Security

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed the Global Fintech Fest (GFF) 2026 in Mumbai, highlighting India's remarkable fintech journey and the massive success of UPI. He outlined a future roadmap emphasizing the global expansion of UPI and the integration of advanced technologies like Agentic AI and Quantum computing in the financial sector.

Background

India is one of the fastest-growing fintech markets globally, driven by digital initiatives like the JAM trinity (Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, Mobile). The Global Fintech Fest is an annual flagship event jointly organized by the Payments Council of India (PCI), the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), and the Fintech Convergence Council (FCC). The Prime Minister stressed moving fintech beyond just digital payments into credit, insurance, savings, and pensions, while ensuring robust cybersecurity and ethical data protection.

Prelims Facts

• Event: Global Fintech Fest (GFF) 2026 held in Mumbai.
• Core Focus Areas for Fintech: Global expansion of UPI, broadening the scope to credit, insurance, savings, investment, and pensions.
• Emerging Technologies Highlighted: Agentic AI, Tokenization, and Quantum computing.
• Consumer Protection: Emphasized the creation of a robust Fintech Consumer Protection Index and ensuring ethical data privacy.

GS Mapping

GS3: Indian Economy & Mobilization of Resources | GS3: Science & Technology

News Item

In a major breakthrough for future quantum computing, researchers from the Raman Research Institute (RRI) and international partners have discovered a way to protect delicate quantum entanglement. By applying a precisely timed 'flip' process, they successfully delayed and even prevented the sudden loss of entanglement, proving that *when* to act is just as important as *what* action to take.

Background

Quantum Entanglement, famously dubbed "spooky action at a distance" by Albert Einstein, is a phenomenon where particles become interconnected, such that the state of one instantly influences the other, regardless of distance. It is the foundational resource for quantum computers and secure communication. However, interaction with the surrounding environment causes this link to decay or abruptly vanish—a phenomenon known as "Entanglement Sudden Death". Protecting this state without altering the hardware is a massive leap for India's National Quantum Mission (NQM), which funded part of this study.

Prelims Facts

• Quantum Entanglement allows particles to share states instantaneously across massive distances.
• Entanglement Sudden Death refers to the abrupt loss of quantum linkage due to environmental noise, even before natural decay finishes.
• A new study by the Raman Research Institute (RRI), an autonomous body under the Department of Science & Technology (DST), proved that a precisely timed 'flip' operation can rescue entangled particles from this sudden death.
• Polarization (the direction of light wave oscillation) was used as the two-level system in this experiment to mimic excited and ground states of a particle.
• The research is partially funded by the National Quantum Mission (NQM).

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology

News Item

The Indian Air Force's (IAF) renowned Sarang Helicopter Display Team has arrived in Egypt to participate in the prestigious El Alamein International Airshow in September 2026. Flying the indigenous ALH Dhruv, the team will showcase India's aviation prowess, reflecting the deepening defense ties and strategic partnership between New Delhi and Cairo.

Background

Defence diplomacy plays a vital role in India's foreign policy. Formed in 2003, the Sarang team (meaning 'Peacock' in Sanskrit) is the official helicopter aerobatics team of the IAF. It holds the unique distinction of being the world's only five-helicopter military display team. They fly the Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) Dhruv, which is designed and manufactured indigenously in India. Over the years, India and Egypt have significantly upgraded their bilateral relations to a 'Strategic Partnership', with defense cooperation being a major pillar (highlighted by joint military exercises like 'Cyclone'). The participation of the IAF in this Egyptian airshow highlights mutual trust and provides a global platform to market India's aerospace manufacturing capabilities to African and Middle Eastern nations.

Prelims Facts

• The El Alamein International Airshow is hosted by Egypt, bringing together global aerospace, defense, and space professionals.
• The Sarang Team flies the domestically built ALH Dhruv helicopters manufactured by HAL.
• India and Egypt recently elevated their ties to a Strategic Partnership during the Egyptian President's visit as the Chief Guest for India's Republic Day in 2023.
• The IAF's Sarang team is uniquely known for its 'Dolphin Leap' and the newly introduced 'Spot Stall Turn' maneuver.

GS Mapping

GS3: Defence and Security | GS2: International Relations

News Item

India has successfully launched its first imaging satellite into a geosynchronous orbit, EOS-05, using the GSLV-F17 rocket from Sriharikota. This state-of-the-art satellite will provide real-time, high-quality imagery to significantly boost the nation's capabilities in agriculture and disaster management.

Background

A geosynchronous orbit is a high Earth orbit that allows a satellite to match Earth's rotation, enabling it to constantly monitor specific regions over time. Earth Observation Satellites (EOS) are equipped with remote sensing technology to study Earth's physical, chemical, and biological systems. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) uses heavy-lift rockets like the GSLV to place these advanced satellites into higher orbits, reducing the time it takes to revisit and image the same location compared to lower orbits.

Prelims Facts

• Satellite Name: EOS-05.
• Launch Vehicle: GSLV-F17.
• Payload Mass: 2,367 kg.
• Launch Site: Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota.
• Orbit Type: Sub-geosynchronous orbit.
• Primary Applications: Real-time imagery for agriculture, forestry, and rapid disaster management.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology, Space Exploration.

News Item

Indian school students secured a historic tally of nine medals, including four golds, at the 19th International Earth Science Olympiad (IESO) held in Turin, Italy. The Union Minister of Earth Sciences felicitated the team for registering India's best-ever performance in the history of this prestigious global competition.

Background

The International Earth Science Olympiad (IESO) is a major annual global competition for secondary school students, designed to foster interest in earth and environmental sciences. It tests students on diverse topics like geology, meteorology, oceanography, and astronomy. In India, the national selection process begins with an all-India entrance exam conducted by the Geological Society of India, followed by an intensive training camp. The entire initiative is funded by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) as part of its broader outreach to nurture young scientific minds alongside major national missions like the Deep Ocean Mission and PRITHVI.

Prelims Facts

• Host City for 19th IESO (2026): Turin, Italy.
• India's Medal Tally: 9 Medals (4 Gold, 3 Silver, 2 Bronze).
• Top Indian Performer: Soumik Mandal (Ranked 3rd globally).
• Nodal Ministry in India: Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).
• National Coordinating Body: Geological Society of India (GSI).
• Associated Mega Missions of MoES: Deep Ocean Mission, Mission Mausam, and PRITHVI (Prithvi Vigyan) scheme.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology, Awareness in the fields of Space and Earth Sciences.

News Item

The National Institute of Homoeopathy (NIH) in Kolkata recently celebrated its Golden Jubilee, marking 50 years of exceptional service in homeopathic education, research, and patient care. To boost its capabilities, a state-of-the-art modular operation theatre and a Centre of Excellence were inaugurated during the event.

Background

India has a rich history of integrating alternative medicine into its healthcare system. Homoeopathy is one of the most widely used alternative medical systems in the country. To promote research and high-quality education in this field, the National Institute of Homoeopathy (NIH) was established on December 10, 1975, in Kolkata as an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. Currently, it operates under the Ministry of Ayush. The institute serves as a premier body offering undergraduate and postgraduate courses while conducting crucial research to validate and expand the scope of homoeopathic treatments. The recent additions of a modern operation theatre and a Centre of Excellence aim to upgrade the institute's clinical and academic infrastructure to global standards.

Prelims Facts

• The National Institute of Homoeopathy (NIH) was established in the year 1975 and is located in Kolkata.
• Homoeopathy was developed in the late 18th century by the German physician Samuel Hahnemann.
• The Ministry of Ayush (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy) was formed in 2014. Previously, it was a department (Department of Indian System of Medicine and Homoeopathy) created in 1995.
• April 10 is observed annually as World Homoeopathy Day to commemorate the birth anniversary of Dr. Samuel Hahnemann.

GS Mapping

GS2: Health | GS2: Governance

News Item

To cement India's position as a global electronics manufacturing hub, the government has launched the Semicon 2.0 scheme with a massive financial outlay of ₹1.27 lakh crore. Building on the rapid success of its first phase, this ambitious initiative aims to capture a 10% share of the global semiconductor market and embed India deeply into the global chip value chain.

Background

Semiconductors (or chips) are the foundational "brains" of modern electronics, essential for everything from everyday smartphones to advanced military missiles and artificial intelligence systems. Currently, global chip production is highly concentrated in a few locations like Taiwan, South Korea, and China. Recognizing the severe strategic and economic risks exposed by recent global supply chain disruptions, India originally launched the first Semicon India Programme in 2021. The new Semicon 2.0 push is vital for achieving India's "strategic autonomy," reducing heavy dependence on electronic imports, ensuring national security, and fostering indigenous technological leadership for the next 50 years.

Prelims Facts

• The Semicon 2.0 scheme operates comprehensively through six foundational pillars that cover 10 different technical categories across the entire semiconductor value chain (from chip design and fabrication to equipment and R&D).
• Approved projects under this scheme will generally receive support for a duration of up to six years, with the application window initially open for three years.
• The nodal agency, ISM, may collaborate with the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) specifically for design and deployment categories.
• Highlighting a massive skill development win, India has successfully trained 85,000 semiconductor engineers in just four years (beating a 10-year target) and is now aiming to develop one lakh more.
• The scheme is also slated to announce special "semiconductor deep-tech awards" starting in 2026 to promote niche domestic innovations.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology | GS3: Economy

News Item

The Indian Navy has successfully commissioned INS Nipun, the second *Nistar-class* Diving Support Vessel (DSV), at the Naval Dockyard in Mumbai. Indigenously built by Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL), this specialized vessel will significantly strengthen the Navy's complex deep-water operations and submarine rescue missions.

Background

As the Indian Navy expands its operational footprint across the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), dedicated support for underwater missions has become highly critical. Submarine rescue and deep-sea diving operations require specialized platforms equipped with advanced medical facilities, hyperbaric chambers, and precise positioning systems. INS Nipun addresses this strategic need, aligning perfectly with India's "Aatmanirbhar Bharat" initiative to achieve self-reliance in cutting-edge defence manufacturing.

Prelims Facts

• INS Nipun is the second ship of the *Nistar-class* Diving Support Vessels.
• It was indigenously designed and constructed by Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL) in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
• The vessel will operate under the Navy's Western Naval Command to provide sustained support to divers in demanding deep-sea conditions.

GS Mapping

GS3: Defence and Security | GS3: Indigenization of Technology

News Item

Researchers from JNCASR, Bengaluru (along with international partners) have discovered a way to generate a massive electrical voltage from small temperature differences in a solid crystal. This breakthrough breaks a century-old limit in physics and opens doors for ultra-sensitive temperature and photon (light) sensors.

Background

Converting waste heat directly into electricity is a holy grail of energy research. For over a century, scientists knew about the Seebeck effect—where a temperature difference across a material creates an electric voltage. However, in solid materials (like metals or standard semiconductors), this voltage was always extremely tiny (measured in microvolts). Only liquid systems (like ionic gels) could produce higher voltages, but liquids are difficult to use in microchips or sensors. Now, Indian scientists have engineered a solid material (Scandium Nitride) that behaves like a liquid electrolyte in terms of generating high voltage from heat, entirely rewriting solid-state physics textbooks.

Prelims Facts

• The research was led by the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), an autonomous institute under the Department of Science and Technology (DST).
• The team used a material called Scandium Nitride (ScN), growing it as extremely thin films on a Magnesium Oxide base.
• By heavily doping ScN with Magnesium, they created a Highly Doped and Highly Compensated (HDHC) semiconductor.
• The resulting Seebeck coefficient (voltage generated per degree of temperature change) was roughly 100 to 1,000 times higher than what is typically observed in conventional solid inorganic semiconductors.
• The findings were published in the highly prestigious global journal, Science.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• This discovery has immense potential for advancing indigenous Deep-Tech. It can revolutionize the manufacturing of ultra-sensitive IoT (Internet of Things) temperature sensors, advanced low-noise thermal imaging cameras, and highly efficient cryogenic single-photon detectors essential for emerging Quantum Technologies. It also paves the way for converting industrial waste heat into electricity more efficiently.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology | GS3: Indigenization of Technology

News Item

The Department of Pharmaceuticals has opened the second round of applications for the PRIP (Promotion of Research and Innovation in Pharma MedTech Sector) Scheme. With a massive ₹5,000 crore budget, this initiative aims to transform India from a volume-driven generic drug manufacturer into a global hub for high-value medical innovation and research.

Background

India is famously known as the "Pharmacy of the World", currently ranking 3rd globally in pharmaceutical production by volume. However, it ranks much lower (14th) in terms of value because the industry heavily relies on manufacturing low-cost generic drugs rather than inventing new, patented medicines. To bridge this gap, the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers launched the PRIP Scheme in 2023. Operating through two main components, the scheme provides financial grants to startups, MSMEs, and large companies for both early-stage and late-stage clinical research. It focuses on six priority areas, including new chemical entities (NCEs), complex generics, medical devices, and orphan drugs (medicines for rare diseases). This scheme is a crucial step towards achieving self-reliance (*Aatmanirbhar Bharat*) in critical medical technologies.

Prelims Facts

• The PRIP Scheme operates under the Department of Pharmaceuticals, which falls under the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers.
• It aims to shift the Indian pharmaceutical sector from "volume to value" by funding advanced indigenous research.
• The scheme provides targeted financial assistance for research in six priority areas, including orphan drugs (drugs specially developed to treat rare diseases).
• India currently ranks 3rd worldwide for pharmaceutical production by volume and 14th by value.

GS Mapping

GS2: Government Policies and Interventions, GS3: Science and Technology (Indigenization of technology)

News Item

To mark the 115th Foundation Day of the National Test House (NTH), Union Minister Pralhad Joshi will inaugurate a series of advanced testing facilities across India. The highlight of the event in Bengaluru includes the launch of the new 'NTH Suvidha' mobile application, designed to make quality testing highly accessible and hassle-free for MSMEs and industrial stakeholders.

Background

The National Test House (NTH) is a premier scientific and technical institution established in 1912 in Kolkata (formerly the Alipore Test House). Originally created by the Railway Board to test indigenous materials, it now operates under the Department of Consumer Affairs (Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution). NTH acts as a crucial quality assurance laboratory for the Indian government, testing everything from civil engineering materials to electrical appliances and daily-use products. To ensure domestic products meet global standards—a key pillar of the *Aatmanirbhar Bharat* vision—the government is expanding NTH's footprint. The new facilities include a dedicated coal testing lab in Kolkata, a solar water heater testing center in Chennai, a utensil testing lab in Jaipur, and a brand new laboratory at the Deendayal Hastkala Sankul in Varanasi.

Prelims Facts

• The National Test House (NTH) was established in the year 1912 in Kolkata.
• NTH operates under the administrative control of the Department of Consumer Affairs, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution.
• The newly launched 'NTH Suvidha' mobile application aims to digitize and simplify testing service access for MSMEs across India.
• New regional testing expansions include coal testing in Kolkata, solar water heater testing in Chennai, and utensil testing in Jaipur.

GS Mapping

GS2: Governance (Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies), GS3: Science and Technology (Indigenization of technology)

News Item

Vice President C.P. Radhakrishnan recently unveiled 'Gyaani Earth', an indigenous and sovereign Artificial Intelligence (AI) stack. Developed by the Indian startup Gyaani AI, this innovative system includes Evon 3.3 (a large language model) and Plexus (a platform linking AI to real-world tasks). This launch highlights India's ambitious leap from being a mere consumer of foreign technology to a global creator of advanced AI.

Background

In the modern digital age, relying entirely on foreign AI tools poses significant data privacy and geopolitical risks. To counter this, nations are developing Sovereign AI—artificial intelligence built entirely on local computing infrastructure, trained on indigenous datasets, and governed by local laws. The launch of 'Gyaani Earth' aligns perfectly with the Government of India's vision of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' (Self-Reliant India). To actively support such innovations, the government has launched the massive IndiaAI Mission, designed to build robust national computing power and fund deep-tech startups. During the event, the Vice President also highlighted how AI is already transforming governance; for example, the Digital Sansad Portal now uses AI for real-time translation of parliamentary debates into various regional Indian languages recognized under the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.

Prelims Facts

• Gyaani Earth, recently launched by the Vice President, is an indigenous Artificial Intelligence stack developed by Gyaani AI.
• It comprises two main components: Evon 3.3 (a Large Language Model) and Plexus (an AI platform for executing real-world tasks).
• Sovereign AI emphasizes processing a nation's data using domestically built models and computing infrastructure to ensure data privacy and strategic autonomy.
• The Digital Sansad Portal utilizes AI for the real-time translation of parliamentary debates into languages officially recognized under the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology (Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nano-technology, Bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights)

News Item

The Indian Navy has officially received its first indigenously built Multi-Purpose Vessel (MPV), named 'Samarthak' (meaning 'supporter'). Constructed by Larsen & Toubro (L&T) in Kattupalli, this versatile ship will serve as a crucial platform for maritime surveillance, offshore patrolling, and disaster relief operations.

Background

A Multi-Purpose Vessel (MPV) is specially designed to undertake a wide variety of naval missions rather than being limited to a single combat role. The Indian Navy contracted two MPVs from L&T shipyard in Kattupalli, Tamil Nadu, to boost its auxiliary fleet. 'Samarthak' boasts over 75% indigenous content, showcasing India's growing self-reliance in warship building under the 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' (Self-Reliant India) initiative. Besides regular patrolling, it will act as a specialized testing platform for new naval weapons, sensors, and equipment. This capability is vital for conducting deep-sea trials and Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) missions without diverting frontline warships like destroyers or frigates from their primary combat duties.

Prelims Facts

• 'Samarthak' is the Indian Navy's first indigenous Multi-Purpose Vessel (MPV).
• It was built by private sector defense manufacturer Larsen & Toubro (L&T) at its Kattupalli shipyard in Tamil Nadu.
• The vessel integrates over 75% indigenous content, aligning with the 'Make in India' and 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' initiatives.
• Apart from patrolling and disaster relief, it will serve as a dedicated testbed for the trial of new naval weapons and sensors.

GS Mapping

GS3: Security (Various Security Forces and Agencies and their Mandate), GS3: Science and Technology (Indigenization of Technology)

News Item

The Meghalaya Legislative Assembly has unanimously passed a resolution strongly opposing any uranium mining and the establishment of ore processing facilities in the state. The resolution specifically targets the proposed Kylleng-Pyndengsohiong-Mawthabah (KPM) uranium project, citing severe risks to the environment and local communities due to the region's high rainfall and landslide vulnerability.

Background

Uranium is a highly radioactive element and the primary fuel used in nuclear power reactors. In India, uranium exploration and mining are monopolized by the central government under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE). Meghalaya possesses India's third-largest uranium reserves (after Andhra Pradesh and Jharkhand), with significant deposits found in the Domiasiat and Mawthabah areas of the West Khasi Hills. However, the state's geography features steep terrain and it receives some of the heaviest rainfall in the world. Mining here poses a massive risk of radioactive toxic runoff contaminating the groundwater and rivers, which are the lifelines of local indigenous communities. Due to these extreme environmental and health concerns—coupled with the fear of landslides—local tribal populations and student unions have fiercely opposed the Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL) projects for decades.

Prelims Facts

• The Kylleng-Pyndengsohiong-Mawthabah (KPM) is a highly controversial proposed open-cast uranium mining project located in the West Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya.
• Meghalaya has the third-largest uranium reserves in India, trailing behind Andhra Pradesh and Jharkhand.
• The Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL) is the only designated public sector enterprise authorized to mine uranium in India.
• UCIL functions under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), which directly reports to the Prime Minister of India.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment (Environmental Impact Assessment), GS1: Geography (Distribution of key natural resources across the world and India)

News Item

To empower the next generation of Indian storytellers, the Indian Institute of Creative Technologies (IICT) has partnered with Netflix to launch a major scholarship program. The initiative will provide up to 80% financial support to 100 students pursuing cutting-edge courses in the rapidly growing Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming, and Comics (AVGC) sector.

Background

The AVGC-XR (Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming, Comics, and Extended Reality) sector is witnessing explosive global growth. Recognizing its immense economic potential, the Indian government has identified it as a 'champion sector' to make India a central hub for global content creation under the 'Create in India' vision. This new scholarship follows Prime Minister Narendra Modi's meeting with Netflix's leadership to leverage India's rich storytelling tradition. To support this vision, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (I&B) is spearheading the establishment of specialized institutions. The newly envisioned IICT functions as a premier national institution (modeled similar to IITs and IIMs) specifically dedicated to bridging the gap between India's vast creative talent and the highly technical demands of the modern global media and entertainment industry.

Prelims Facts

• The Indian Institute of Creative Technologies (IICT) and Netflix have collaborated to offer 100 scholarships to students and professionals in the AVGC sector.
• The AVGC sector and institutions like IICT fall primarily under the administrative purview of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (I&B).
• The overarching national objective is to position India as the global hub for content creation under the 'Create in India' initiative.
• The term XR (Extended Reality) acts as a catch-all term encompassing immersive technologies like Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR).

GS Mapping

GS3: Economy (Changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth), GS3: Science and Technology (IT and Computers)

News Item

Amid a seasonal surge in H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) cases, the Indian Medical Association (IMA) has issued a public health advisory urging citizens to remain vigilant but not to panic. The IMA strongly warned against the rampant self-medication of antibiotics like Azithromycin, emphasizing that antibiotics are completely ineffective against viral infections and their misuse fuels the dangerous crisis of antimicrobial resistance.

Background

H1N1 Influenza A, commonly known as Swine Flu, is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by an RNA virus. It first triggered a major global pandemic in 2009. The virus spreads primarily through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The IMA's specific warning against antibiotics highlights a major public health challenge: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). Antibiotics are designed specifically to kill or inhibit bacteria by targeting their unique cell walls or metabolic pathways—structures that viruses simply do not possess. Unnecessary use of antibiotics for viral colds or flus allows surviving bacteria in the human body to mutate and develop resistance, rendering these life-saving drugs completely useless for future bacterial infections.

Prelims Facts

• H1N1 is a subtype of the Influenza A virus, commonly associated with the highly contagious respiratory disease known as Swine Flu.
• Antibiotics are entirely ineffective against viral infections (like H1N1) because they specifically target bacterial cell structures, which viruses lack.
• The irrational use of antibiotics accelerates Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), a phenomenon where bacteria mutate to survive standard drug treatments.
• The Indian Medical Association (IMA), established in 1928, is the largest representative voluntary organization of doctors of modern scientific medicine in India.

GS Mapping

GS2: Social Justice (Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health), GS3: Science and Technology (Biotechnology and Everyday Science)

News Item

The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Aerospace Laboratories (CSIR-NAL) has successfully unveiled three indigenously developed micro and small gas turbine engines (NJ-05, NJ-50, and NJ-100). These highly compact engines will power unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), drone interceptors, and compact missile systems, marking a major leap in India's self-reliance in aerospace technology.

Background

A gas turbine engine is a type of internal combustion engine that burns fuel to generate high-speed exhaust gases, producing immense thrust. While India has made massive strides in missile and aircraft development, manufacturing indigenous aerospace engines has historically been a major technological bottleneck. The newly developed engines by CSIR-NAL produce varying thrusts of 5 kg, 50 kg, and 100 kg, designed specifically for tactical drones, loitering munitions, and target aircraft. By mastering this critical propulsion technology, India reduces its deep dependence on foreign imports. This milestone also empowers the rapidly expanding domestic aerospace startup ecosystem to mass-produce these engines for the defence sector under the 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' (Self-Reliant India) initiative.

Prelims Facts

• The CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories (CSIR-NAL) recently unveiled three indigenous micro and small gas turbine engines: NJ-05, NJ-50, and NJ-100.
• These compact propulsion engines are designed specifically to power tactical UAVs, drone interceptors, and compact missile systems.
• CSIR-NAL is headquartered in Bengaluru and functions under the Ministry of Science and Technology.
• The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is India's largest research and development organisation.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology (Indigenization of Technology and Developing New Technology, Defence Technology)

News Item

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh has formally approved the transfer of DRDO-developed missile technologies to India's private defence industry. This major policy shift aims to turbocharge domestic manufacturing, drastically reduce import dependence, and empower MSMEs by deeply integrating them into the national defence supply chain.

Background

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is the premier R&D wing of the Ministry of Defence. Historically, advanced defence technologies—especially strategic missile systems developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) like Agni, Prithvi, and Akash—were tightly controlled by the government and manufactured exclusively by Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs). By opening up these highly restricted Transfer of Technologies (ToT) to the private sector, the government is accelerating the 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' (Self-Reliant India) initiative. This democratization of defence technology will not only create a robust and competitive industrial base but also allow Indian companies to eventually export these advanced weapon systems to friendly nations, shifting India from a net arms importer to a formidable global defence exporter.

Prelims Facts

• The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) was established in 1958 and operates under the Ministry of Defence.
• The Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) was conceived by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam to enable India to attain self-sufficiency in missile technology.
• IGMDP developed five core missile systems: Prithvi, Agni, Trishul, Akash, and Nag (often remembered by the acronym PATNA).
• The transfer of missile technologies aims to boost the participation of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in India's defence supply chain.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology (Indigenization of technology and developing new technology), GS3: Security (Defence manufacturing)

News Item

Union Communications Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia addressed the 43rd foundation day of the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) in New Delhi. He praised C-DOT's transformative role in India's telecom journey since its inception and stressed that future digital connectivity must prioritize secure, trusted, and disaster-resilient networks to lead the global 6G revolution.

Background

The Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) was established in August 1984 by the Government of India as an autonomous telecom research and development centre. Spearheaded initially by technology visionary Sam Pitroda, C-DOT revolutionized India's telecom sector by introducing digital switching systems (like the Rural Automatic Exchanges - RAX) tailored to the harsh Indian environment. Today, it functions under the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), Ministry of Communications. C-DOT's current mandate focuses heavily on developing indigenous, secure technologies for 4G/5G, disaster management (like the Cell Broadcast Alert System used by NDMA), quantum communications, and laying the groundwork for India to set next-generation global telecom standards.

Prelims Facts

• The Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) was established in the year 1984.
• It functions as an autonomous telecom R&D body under the Ministry of Communications.
• India is actively aiming to become a global leader in shaping next-generation telecom standards, particularly in 6G, AI, and Quantum Communications.
• The indigenous Cell Broadcast Alert System, recently deployed across India for disaster alerts, was developed by C-DOT.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology (IT, Computers, Telecommunication)

News Item

Vice President C.P. Radhakrishnan recently launched India’s very first indigenous non-GMO high-expansion popcorn maize hybrid seed in Andhra Pradesh. This major agricultural breakthrough will end India's reliance on expensive imported seeds, financially empower local farmers, and boost India's export potential in the global popcorn market.

Background

Maize (corn) is a crucial food and fodder crop globally. Historically, to produce high-quality popcorn that pops well ("high-expansion"), Indian farmers had to rely on expensive, imported hybrid seeds. This new seed, developed by a homegrown enterprise in Andhra Pradesh, is indigenous and non-GMO (Genetically Modified Organism). A non-GMO seed means its DNA has not been artificially altered in a lab, but rather developed through natural, traditional cross-breeding techniques. This is highly significant because GM crops face immense regulatory hurdles and consumer skepticism in India. By cultivating this homegrown variety, over 17,500 farmers across eight states are now part of a profitable, loan-free value chain, directly aligning with the government's vision of an Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India) and doubling farmers' income.

Prelims Facts

• Vice President C.P. Radhakrishnan launched India’s first indigenous non-GMO high-expansion popcorn maize hybrid seed in Eluru district, Andhra Pradesh.
• Maize is predominantly cultivated as a Kharif crop in India, though it is grown in the Rabi season in certain states like Bihar.
• Bt Cotton remains the only Genetically Modified (GM) crop officially approved for commercial cultivation in India.
• The apex body responsible for the approval of the commercial release of GM crops in India is the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC).

GS Mapping

GS3: Agriculture (Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the country), GS3: Science and Technology (Awareness in the fields of Bio-technology)

News Item

The Union Ministry of Communications has launched the upgraded Dak Sewa and Dak MITRA mobile applications. These apps aim to modernize the massive India Post network, making postal and financial services paperless, faster, and easily accessible to both ordinary citizens and rural postal workers.

Background

Founded in 1854 under Lord Dalhousie, India Post operates the world's largest postal network with over 1.5 lakh post offices, heavily concentrated in rural areas. Today, it goes far beyond delivering letters; it is a massive vehicle for financial inclusion. The newly revamped Dak MITRA (Mobile Interface for Transactions and Rural Assistance) app acts as a digital office for rural branch postmasters, known as Gramin Dak Sevaks. It allows them to conduct core banking, insurance, mail booking, and Aadhaar-based biometric e-KYC on a simple handheld device. Meanwhile, the Dak Sewa app is a citizen-centric platform providing 24x7 tracking, booking, and financial calculators. To ensure digital inclusivity across the country, it provides support in 23 Indian languages using the government's AI-driven BHASHINI translation tool.

Prelims Facts

• The Dak MITRA app provides a unified, paperless operational platform exclusively for Branch Postmasters (Gramin Dak Sevaks) across 1.4 lakh rural post offices.
• The Dak Sewa app is a citizen-facing portal that integrates the AI language translation platform BHASHINI to provide support in 23 Indian languages.
• The Department of Posts (India Post) functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Communications.
• India Post manages over 40 crore Post Office Savings Accounts, making it one of the largest financial inclusion mechanisms in the world.

GS Mapping

GS2: E-Governance (Applications, Models, Successes, Limitations, and Potential), GS3: Economy (Financial Inclusion)

News Item

On the 50th Foundation Day of the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS & LUP) in Nagpur, the ICAR Director General highlighted the critical role of soil databases in agricultural development. Notably, the Bureau recently developed India’s first soil texture map using remote sensing, providing hectare-level insights to help farmers select the best crops.

Background

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is an autonomous organisation under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. Under its umbrella, the NBSS & LUP (headquartered in Nagpur, Maharashtra) is responsible for mapping and classifying India's soil resources. Understanding soil texture—the relative proportion of sand, silt, and clay—is crucial because it determines water retention, nutrient availability, and crop suitability. The newly developed soil texture map utilizes advanced satellite data and remote sensing, replacing older traditional methods. The Bureau is also working on high-resolution water retention maps for Maharashtra and southern states, which will act as a major decision-support system to tackle droughts and improve irrigation efficiency.

Prelims Facts

• The National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS & LUP) is headquartered in Nagpur, Maharashtra.
• It operates under the aegis of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
• NBSS & LUP recently developed India’s first soil texture map using remote sensing and satellite imagery.
• Soil texture is primarily determined by the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay in the soil.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology (Application in Agriculture), GS1: Geography (Soil Resources)

News Item

To prepare India's youth for the future job market, the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) and Cultus Education have partnered with Amazon Web Services (AWS) to launch a nationwide Cloud and Artificial Intelligence (AI) skilling program. The initiative primarily focuses on empowering students from Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities, aligning with the grand vision of a 'Viksit Bharat' (Developed India).

Background

India is rapidly emerging as a global hub for technological innovation, creating a massive demand for professionals skilled in next-generation technologies like Artificial Intelligence and Cloud Computing. To bridge the digital divide, the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) encourages partnerships with global tech leaders. This newly launched, fully online initiative focuses heavily on underserved communities across all States and Union Territories. It is designed to offer foundational tech literacy to 1.5 lakh learners and deliver intensive, instructor-led, job-ready training in cloud infrastructure, cybersecurity, and AI to 10,000 participants through the specialized 'AWS re/Start' program. This ensures that access to high-end tech opportunities is not restricted by geography or economic background.

Prelims Facts

• The nationwide Cloud and AI skilling initiative was launched by the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) in collaboration with Amazon Web Services (AWS).
• The initiative utilizes the 'AWS re/Start' program to provide intensive, job-ready training in cloud infrastructure, networking, and AI fundamentals.
• NSDC is not a fully government-owned entity; it operates as a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model (49% government, 51% private).
• The administrative control of NSDC falls under the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology (IT, Computers, AI), GS2: Social Justice (Education, Human Resources)

News Item

Vice President C. P. Radhakrishnan is scheduled to launch India's first-ever non-Genetically Modified Organism (non-GMO) high-expansion popcorn maize hybrid seed in Musunuru, located in Andhra Pradesh's Eluru district. The historic launch will also include the felicitation of local farmers and an address to key agricultural stakeholders.

Background

Maize (corn) is a highly versatile crop grown predominantly as a Kharif crop in India, though it is cultivated in the Rabi season in certain states like Bihar. The introduction of this specific hybrid popcorn seed is a major agricultural milestone because it is a non-GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) variety. GMO seeds have their DNA artificially altered in a lab to introduce traits like pest resistance, which face strict regulatory hurdles and immense consumer skepticism in India. A "high-expansion" popcorn hybrid means the kernels expand significantly more upon popping, generating higher commercial value. Since it is non-GMO, it is developed through advanced traditional cross-breeding. This bypasses complex genetic engineering regulations, ensures faster adoption by farmers, secures premium market prices, and directly addresses the growing consumer demand for natural, unmodified food products.

Prelims Facts

• India's first non-GMO high-expansion popcorn maize hybrid seed was launched in Musunuru (Eluru district, Andhra Pradesh).
• Maize is the third most important food crop in India after rice and wheat, primarily grown as a Kharif crop requiring temperatures between 21°C and 27°C and older alluvial soil.
• The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC), functioning under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), is the apex statutory body that approves the commercial release of GM crops in India.
• Bt Cotton remains the only Genetically Modified (GM) crop legally allowed for commercial farming in the country.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology (Awareness in the fields of Bio-technology, GM Crops), GS3: Agriculture (Major crops, Cropping patterns)

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi and other top leaders extended their greetings on the 3rd National Space Day, celebrating the historic lunar landing of Chandrayaan-3. Highlighting the rapid democratization of the space sector, PM Modi urged young innovators and space startups to build a robust ecosystem that will propel India toward a massive $45-billion space economy and help realize the vision of a developed India (Viksit Bharat) by 2047.

Background

National Space Day is celebrated every year on August 23 to commemorate the successful soft landing of ISRO's Chandrayaan-3 on the lunar south pole in 2023, making India the first country in the world to achieve this rare feat. Historically, India's space program was entirely state-run under ISRO, founded by the visionary Dr. Vikram Sarabhai. However, since the landmark space sector reforms in 2020 (which led to the creation of IN-SPACe), the government has aggressively opened the sector to private players. Today, India boasts hundreds of vibrant space startups developing cutting-edge launch vehicles and satellites. This public-private partnership is crucial as India aims to exponentially increase its current share in the global space economy to $45 billion in the coming decade, directly benefiting agriculture, communication, and national security.

Prelims Facts

• National Space Day is officially celebrated in India on August 23 to mark the anniversary of the Chandrayaan-3 soft landing.
• The Government of India aims to aggressively expand the country's space economy to $45 billion over the next decade through private sector participation.
• The Chandrayaan-3 mission made India the first country to successfully land a spacecraft near the lunar South Pole.
• Dr. Vikram Sarabhai was the visionary scientist who founded the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology (Space Technology, Indigenization of Technology, Awareness in the field of Space), GS3: Economy

News Item

The Indian government has restricted the use of common anti-cold drug combinations containing Chlorpheniramine and Phenylephrine for children under four years of age. Pharmaceutical companies must now print a mandatory warning label on these medicines to protect toddlers from potential health risks and promote safer alternatives.

Background

Fixed-Dose Combinations (FDCs) are medicines containing two or more active ingredients in a single pill or syrup. While convenient, irrational FDCs can cause severe side effects, especially in infants with developing immune and metabolic systems. Chlorpheniramine is an antihistamine used to treat allergies (like a runny nose), while Phenylephrine is a decongestant used to clear stuffy noses. The decision to mandate warning labels for infants was based on the recommendations of the Drug Technical Advisory Board (DTAB). The DTAB functions under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, advising the government on technical drug matters. In India, the apex regulatory body ensuring drug safety, efficacy, and quality is the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO).

Prelims Facts

• The government restricted FDCs containing Chlorpheniramine Maleate and Phenylephrine Hydrochloride specifically for children below four years of age.
• Chlorpheniramine is an anti-allergic medication (antihistamine), and Phenylephrine is a widely used nasal decongestant.
• The Drug Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) is a statutory body established under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.
• The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO), headed by the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI), is the apex national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices.

GS Mapping

GS2: Social Justice (Health), GS3: Science and Technology

News Item

The Indian Army has successfully raised its first-ever specialized drone unit, the 'Baaz Battalion', in the border state of Punjab. Operationalized by the Vajra Corps, this advanced drone unit will serve as the "eyes in the sky," significantly boosting the military's aerial agility, surveillance, and rapid response capabilities on the battlefield.

Background

Modern warfare is rapidly evolving with the integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Drones provide a massive tactical advantage by enabling real-time surveillance, precision targeting, and deep battlefield penetration without risking human lives. The newly formed Baaz Battalion gets its name from the Baaz (a bird of prey), symbolizing sharp vision and lethal speed. This battalion operates under the 11 Corps (Vajra Corps), which is headquartered in Jalandhar and is historically celebrated as the "Defenders of Punjab" for its stellar role in the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pak wars. By integrating high-tech drones, the Indian Army is taking a major leap toward future-ready, technology-driven warfare along the highly sensitive western borders.

Prelims Facts

• The Indian Army has raised its first specialized drone unit called the 'Baaz Battalion' in Punjab.
• The battalion is operationalized under the 11 Corps, widely known as the Vajra Corps.
• The Vajra Corps is headquartered in Jalandhar, Punjab and operates under the Western Command of the Indian Army.
• Drones or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) act as force multipliers by enhancing C4ISR (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance) capabilities.

GS Mapping

GS3: Internal Security (Security challenges and their management in border areas), GS3: Science and Technology (Indigenization of technology and developing new technology)

News Item

Boosting India's self-reliance in defence, Kochi-based Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) has delivered 'Mangrol', the third Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC), to the Indian Navy. The ship boasts over 80% indigenous content and is highly equipped with advanced sonars and torpedoes to aggressively secure India's coastal waters.

Background

The ASW SWC project is a massive indigenous shipbuilding initiative where a total of 16 highly capable ships are being built for the Indian Navy (eight by CSL and eight by GRSE, Kolkata). These new crafts are structurally and technologically designed to replace the aging Russian-origin Abhay-class ASW corvettes. The primary role of these ships is to conduct critical anti-submarine operations in shallow coastal waters, execute Low-Intensity Maritime Operations (LIMO), and lay underwater mines. Continuing the proud naval tradition of naming ships after strategic maritime locations, this vessel is named after the coastal town of Mangrol in Gujarat. Propelled by advanced water jets, the craft can rapidly maneuver in shallow depths where larger traditional warships would easily get stuck.

Prelims Facts

• 'Mangrol' is the third Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC) delivered to the Indian Navy by Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL).
• The ASW SWC ships are being officially inducted into the Indian Navy to phase out the aging Abhay-class ASW corvettes.
• The newly delivered ship is named after Mangrol, a prominent historical coastal city and port located in the state of Gujarat.
• These high-speed vessels are uniquely propelled by water jets, ensuring immense maneuverability and speed in shallow coastal waters.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology (Defence Technology, Indigenization of Technology), GS3: Security (Border Management and Coastal Security)

News Item

Union Minister for New and Renewable Energy, Pralhad Joshi, recently chaired a key meeting to plan the next phase of the PM-KUSUM scheme. The discussions focused on promoting 'agrivoltaics' (combining agriculture with solar power generation) and building a robust domestic solar manufacturing ecosystem, including polysilicon production in India.

Background

India's agricultural sector heavily relies on diesel-powered and grid-connected electric pumps, which are both costly for farmers and harmful to the environment. To tackle this, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) launched the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM) in 2019. The scheme's core goal is to "de-dieselise" the farm sector by heavily subsidizing solar-powered agriculture pumps. So far, the scheme has been a massive success, solarising over 27 lakh pumps and adding 15.8 GW of renewable energy capacity. This has saved around 806 million litres of diesel annually, massively reducing India's carbon footprint. The next phase will focus on Agrivoltaics, allowing farmers to grow crops and generate solar electricity on the exact same piece of land, effectively doubling their income sources.

Prelims Facts

• The PM-KUSUM scheme was launched by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in 2019.
• The primary goal of the scheme is to de-dieselise the farm sector by providing subsidized solar agriculture pumps.
• To date, the scheme has successfully solarised over 27 lakh agriculture pumps and added roughly 15.8 GW of renewable energy capacity.
• Agrivoltaics refers to the dual use of land for both agricultural production and solar energy generation simultaneously.
• Polysilicon is a highly pure form of silicon serving as the most critical raw material for manufacturing solar photovoltaic (PV) panels.

GS Mapping

GS3: Economy (Infrastructure: Energy), GS3: Environment (Renewable Energy), GS2: Government Policies and Interventions