Current Affairs Revision Hub

News Item

In a historic milestone, President Droupadi Murmu became the first Indian Head of State to visit the Republic of Moldova. During her visit to the capital city, Chișinău, she addressed the India-Moldova Business Forum, urging for deeper economic partnerships in high-growth sectors like technology, renewable energy, and pharmaceuticals.

Background

Engaging with Moldova is a strategic move for India to strengthen its diplomatic and economic footprint in Eastern Europe. Since gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Moldova has been striving to integrate closely with European markets, making it a valuable gateway for Indian businesses. Currently, the two countries are collaborating on major infrastructure projects. Most notably, Indian companies are executing a critical high-voltage transmission line that connects Moldova with neighboring Romania. This project is vital for reducing Moldova's historical energy dependence on Russia and enhancing its regional energy security.

Prelims Facts

• President Droupadi Murmu is the first Indian President to ever undertake a State Visit to Moldova.
• She paid homage at the monument of Ștefan cel Mare și Sfânt (Stephen the Great) in Chișinău, who is revered as Moldova's ultimate national hero and a symbol of its sovereignty.
• Moldova is geographically landlocked between Romania and Ukraine.
• Indian companies are actively building a high-voltage power transmission line connecting Chișinău (Moldova) directly with Romania to boost the region's energy resilience.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations, Places in News

News Item

The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment's SMILE Scheme has successfully rehabilitated over 10,200 individuals engaged in begging across 216 Indian cities. The government has set a larger target of expanding this coverage to 295 cities and rehabilitating 35,000 individuals by the financial year 2030-31, ensuring they get a dignified and self-reliant life.

Background

Beggary is a complex socio-economic issue rooted in extreme poverty, illiteracy, and marginalization. While there is no single central law banning begging in India, multiple states use the archaic Bombay Prevention of Begging Act, 1959, which criminalizes the act. Moving away from this punitive approach, the modern framework shifts the focus toward welfare, rehabilitation, and social inclusion. The goal is to create a "Begging-Free India" (Bhiksha Vritti Mukt Bharat). To achieve this, the government coordinates with state administrations, municipal bodies, and NGOs to provide these vulnerable individuals with medical care, education, and vocational skills.

Prelims Facts

• The SMILE Scheme was launched on 12 February 2022 by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
• It encompasses two marginalized sections: Beggars and the Transgender Community.
• The scheme is expanding to cover 295 cities by 2030-31 with a target to rehabilitate 35,000 individuals engaged in begging.
• Digital monitoring and tracking of shelter homes are conducted via the SMILE-Beggary National Portal.

GS Mapping

GS2: Social Justice (Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections)

News Item

Union Home Minister Amit Shah and Defence Minister Rajnath Singh paid rich tributes to the legendary revolutionary Batukeshwar Dutt on his death anniversary. Leaders recalled his fearless spirit against British oppression, his immense sacrifice, and his courage during his long imprisonment in the Cellular Jail.

Background

Batukeshwar Dutt was a key figure in India's armed freedom movement and an active member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) along with Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, and Sukhdev. To protest against repressive measures like the Trade Disputes Bill and the Public Safety Bill, Dutt and Bhagat Singh hurled non-lethal bombs into the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi on April 8, 1929. Their goal was not to harm anyone but to "make the deaf hear" and raise national consciousness. Dutt was sentenced to transportation for life and sent to the Cellular Jail (Kala Pani) in the Andaman Islands, where he participated in severe hunger strikes to demand humane treatment for political prisoners.

Prelims Facts

• Batukeshwar Dutt along with Bhagat Singh threw non-lethal bombs inside the Central Legislative Assembly on April 8, 1929.
• The protest targeted two anti-labour and repressive bills: the Trade Disputes Bill and the Public Safety Bill.
• Dutt served a long prison sentence at the Cellular Jail in the Andaman Islands.
• He participated in extensive hunger strikes in prison to demand equal rights and dignity for Indian political prisoners.
• He passed away on July 20, 1965, and his final rites were performed at Hussainiwala, Punjab.

GS Mapping

GS1: Modern Indian History

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi and other national leaders paid glowing tributes to the legendary freedom fighter Mangal Pandey on his birth anniversary. He is revered for sounding the bugle of the 1857 revolt against British oppression, awakening a deep spirit of self-respect and cultural pride among Indians.

Background

Born on July 19, 1827, in Ballia, Uttar Pradesh, Mangal Pandey served as a sepoy in the British East India Company's army. The introduction of the new Enfield rifle became a turning point in Indian history. Rumours spread that the paper cartridges for these rifles, which soldiers had to bite off before loading, were greased with cow and pig fat. This deeply offended the religious sentiments of both Hindu and Muslim soldiers. Refusing to use these cartridges, Pandey bravely stood up against his British commanders at Barrackpore on March 29, 1857. This single act of defiance became the immediate catalyst that ignited the great Indian Rebellion of 1857, often called the First War of Independence.

Prelims Facts

• Mangal Pandey served in the 34th Bengal Native Infantry of the East India Company.
• He fired upon British officers at the Barrackpore cantonment on March 29, 1857.
• He was arrested and hanged on April 8, 1857, ten days before his scheduled execution date.
• The Government of India issued a commemorative postage stamp featuring his portrait in 1984 to honour his immense contribution to the freedom struggle.

GS Mapping

GS1: Modern Indian History

News Item

The Indian Air Force (IAF) is set to participate in Exercise Pitch Black 2026, a premier biennial multinational air combat exercise hosted by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). The exercise aims to enhance interoperability and strengthen professional defense partnerships across the Indo-Pacific region.

Background

India and Australia elevated their bilateral relationship to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (CSP) in 2020. Defence cooperation is a key pillar of this tie, further strengthened by mutual participation in the Quad grouping (India, Australia, Japan, US). Exercise Pitch Black provides a realistic, multinational combat environment, emphasizing night flying over the vast unpopulated areas of northern Australia. For India, participating in such distant exercises validates its "expeditionary" capabilities—the ability to rapidly deploy, operate, and sustain air operations far from its own borders, which is crucial for projecting power and ensuring security in the broader Indo-Pacific.

Prelims Facts

• The IAF contingent for Pitch Black 2026 includes Rafale multirole fighter aircraft.
• The combat support role is being fulfilled by C-17 Globemaster III (heavy-lift transport) and IL-78 (air-to-air refuelling aircraft).
• The exercise is primarily held at RAAF Base Darwin, Australia.
• Other major bilateral defence exercises between India and Australia include AUSINDEX (Navy) and AUSTRA HIND (Army).

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations, GS3: Security

News Item

India showcased brilliant scientific talent at the 37th International Biology Olympiad (IBO) 2026 in Vilnius, Lithuania, bagging one gold and three silver medals. Bhavyaa Gunwal from Haryana secured the prestigious gold, highlighting India's growing strength and bright future in competitive global life sciences.

Background

The International Biology Olympiad (IBO) is a highly reputed annual science competition for secondary school students, bringing together top talents from around the world. In India, the Olympiad programme is actively overseen by the Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education (HBCSE), which operates as a national centre of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE). India has a strong historical track record in this competition, making its 26th appearance this year and accumulating a total of 17 gold and 69 silver medals over the years.

Prelims Facts

• The 37th IBO (2026) was hosted in Vilnius, Lithuania.
• Bhavyaa Gunwal (Haryana) won the single gold medal for India.
• Soumil Maity (West Bengal), Nishit Kalani (Rajasthan), and Anmol Kumar (Punjab) secured silver medals.
• The nodal agency for selecting the Indian team is the Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education (HBCSE).

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology

News Item

Indian badminton star PV Sindhu has created history by becoming the first Indian ever to win the prestigious Japan Open title. She achieved this monumental feat by defeating Japan's Akane Yamaguchi, a victory that has drawn massive praise from the President and Vice President of India for inspiring millions of young athletes.

Background

The Japan Open is an annual, highly competitive badminton tournament that is part of the BWF World Tour (a Super 750 level event). Badminton in India has seen tremendous growth over the last decade, with Indian players consistently challenging the traditional dominance of countries like China, Indonesia, and Japan. PV Sindhu has been at the forefront of this sporting revolution. By securing a victory against the home favourite Akane Yamaguchi in Tokyo, Sindhu successfully ended a nearly two-year title drought. This win holds special significance as it reinforces India's growing strength and global prominence in the sport of badminton.

Prelims Facts

• PV Sindhu is the first-ever Indian to secure the Japan Open title, achieving the milestone in 2026.
• She defeated Japan's Akane Yamaguchi in the women's singles final held at the Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium.
• The Japan Open is classified as a prestigious BWF Super 750 tournament.
• She holds two individual Olympic medals (2016 Silver and 2020 Bronze).

GS Mapping

GS1: Role of Women, Prelims: Current Events (Sports)

News Item

India has made history at the 58th International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO) by bagging four gold medals—its best-ever performance in this global competition. Prime Minister Narendra Modi praised the young champions for their brilliance, while also applauding the Indian team that recently secured medals at the 37th International Biology Olympiad.

Background

The International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO) is an annual, highly competitive science exam for high school students across the world. It involves solving complex, real-world chemical problems. In India, the entire process—from selecting the brightest minds through rigorous national tests to training them—is managed by the Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education (HBCSE). Competitions like these are crucial for India, as they push young students towards advanced research and innovation, eventually contributing to the country's scientific and technological self-reliance.

Prelims Facts

• The Indian team secured an unprecedented 4 Gold Medals at the 58th International Chemistry Olympiad.
• The nodal agency for selecting and training the Indian teams for all international science olympiads is the Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education (HBCSE).
• Earlier, India also won 1 Gold and 3 Silver medals at the 37th International Biology Olympiad (IBO) held in Vilnius, Lithuania.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology

News Item

Union Minister of Cooperation Amit Shah laid the foundation stone for the world's largest curd production plant under the Amul Bengal Dairy Project in Kolkata. This massive initiative aims to boost the income of local dairy farmers and usher in a new 'White Revolution 2.0' in the region.

Background

The cooperative movement in India has been the backbone of rural economic empowerment. Operation Flood (White Revolution), launched in 1970 by the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), transformed India from a milk-deficient nation into the world's largest milk producer. Amul (Anand Milk Union Limited), based in Gujarat, is the most successful example of a dairy cooperative model. This new Bengal project aligns with the central government's vision of 'Sahakar Se Samriddhi' (Prosperity through Cooperatives), ensuring that the maximum share of the consumer's price goes directly to the farmers' bank accounts without middlemen.

Prelims Facts

• The Amul Bengal Dairy Project is being set up at the Howrah Food Park in West Bengal.
• Once operational, it will be the world's largest curd production plant with a capacity of 1,000 metric tonnes (10 lakh kg) daily.
• A unique 'Sarthi' concept with the 'Bharat Taxi' agreement was signed, allowing taxi drivers in Bengal to become business partners and shareholders in the company rather than just drivers.
• The government will also introduce sex-sorted semen technology in Bengal to significantly increase the population of high-yielding milch cows.
• Under Amul's transparent cooperative model, approximately 87% of consumer spending goes directly to the dairy farmers.

GS Mapping

GS3: Agriculture, Economics of Animal-Rearing

News Item

The Indian Air Force (IAF) is ready to showcase its combat prowess in Exercise Pitch Black 2026, a massive multinational air combat drill hosted by Australia. This biennial exercise aims to boost military cooperation and strengthen security partnerships across the Indo-Pacific region.

Background

India and Australia share a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership and are active members of the Quad alliance. Joint military exercises like Pitch Black are crucial for India as they enhance its "expeditionary" capabilities—the ability to rapidly deploy, sustain, and operate forces far from its own borders. The name 'Pitch Black' originates from the exercise's unique focus on night-time flying over the massive, unpopulated regions of Northern Australia, which perfectly simulates real-world dark combat scenarios and tests the limits of multinational interoperability.

Prelims Facts

• The IAF is deploying Rafale multirole fighter jets for Pitch Black 2026.
• Support aircraft include the C-17 Globemaster III (heavy-lift transport) and the IL-78 (mid-air refueller).
• The exercise takes place primarily at RAAF Base Darwin in Australia.
• Other major India-Australia bilateral exercises include AUSINDEX (Navy) and AUSTRA HIND (Army).

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations, GS3: Security

News Item

The 72nd National Film Awards for 2024 were announced in New Delhi on 18 July 2026. Article 370 won Best Feature Film, while Mammootty and Kartik Aaryan shared the Best Actor in a Leading Role award for *Bramayugam* and *Chandu Champion*, respectively.

Yami Gautam won Best Actress in a Leading Role for *Article 370*. Rajkumar Periasamy received Best Direction for *Amaran*, while *Kalki 2898 AD* was named the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment.

Background

The National Film Awards were instituted in 1954, initially as the State Awards for Films, to recognise artistic, technical and social excellence in Indian cinema. They are administered under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting through the National Film Development Corporation.

The 72nd edition considered feature films, non-feature films and writings on cinema that received certification from the Central Board of Film Certification between 1 January and 31 December 2024.

The Feature Film Jury was chaired by filmmaker Jayaraj, the Non-Feature Film Jury by Aseem Sinha, and the Best Writing on Cinema Jury by A. Chandrasekhar. Awards are presented as Swarna Kamal and Rajat Kamal, along with certificates and specified cash prizes.

Mammootty’s recognition for *Bramayugam* marked his fourth National Film Award for Best Actor. His earlier wins were associated with *Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha* and *Mathilukal*; *Ponthan Mada* and *Vidheyan*; and *Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar*.

Prelims Facts

• The 72nd National Film Awards relate to films certified by the CBFC during the 2024 calendar year.
• The winners were announced on 18 July 2026.
• Article 370 won Best Feature Film.
• Bhangaar won Best Non-Feature Film, while Ram-Nami won Best Documentary.
• Mammootty and Kartik Aaryan shared the Best Actor in a Leading Role award.
• Yami Gautam won Best Actress in a Leading Role.
• Mammootty’s award for Bramayugam was his fourth National Film Award for Best Actor.
• Rajkumar Periasamy won Best Direction for Amaran.
• Randeep Hooda won Best Debut Film of a Director for Swatantrya Veer Savarkar.
• Kalki 2898 AD won the Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment.
• Captain Miller won Best Feature Film Promoting National, Social and Environmental Values.
• Garhwali and Tulu were recognised under the category for languages outside the Eighth Schedule.
• The Feature Film Jury was chaired by Jayaraj.
• The Non-Feature Film Jury was chaired by Aseem Sinha.
• National Film Awards include Swarna Kamal and Rajat Kamal honours.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The National Film Awards recognise India’s linguistic and cultural diversity by providing space to mainstream, regional, documentary, children’s and non-feature cinema. Recognition of films in Scheduled and non-Scheduled languages can support cultural preservation and enhance the visibility of underrepresented filmmaking traditions.
• Awards for cinematography, editing, sound, costume design, writing and other technical disciplines underline that cinema is a collaborative cultural industry rather than an actor-centric medium. The recognition of books and film criticism also promotes serious documentation and analysis of Indian cinema.
• The credibility of national cultural awards depends on transparent eligibility rules, independent and diverse juries and clearly stated evaluation criteria. Greater public access to award-winning regional and non-feature films, subtitling, digital archiving and restoration can convert recognition into long-term cultural preservation and international soft power.

GS Mapping

GS1: Indian art and culture, cinema, languages and cultural diversity; GS2: Cultural institutions, government awards and preservation of cultural heritage.

News Item

Vikram-1, India’s first privately developed orbital launch vehicle, successfully placed multiple payloads into a 450-km Low Earth Orbit under Mission Aagaman. The rocket, developed by Hyderabad-based Skyroot Aerospace, lifted off from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, at 12:05 p.m. on 18 July 2026.

The mission made Skyroot Aerospace the first Indian private company to achieve an orbital launch from Indian soil. It also validated India’s emerging public-private model for commercial launch services following the opening of the space sector to non-government entities.

Background

India introduced major space-sector reforms in 2020, permitting greater private participation in satellite manufacturing, launch services, space applications and downstream activities. The institutional framework was subsequently strengthened through the Indian Space Policy 2023.

Under this framework, the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe) functions as an autonomous, single-window agency for promoting, facilitating and authorising the space activities of government bodies and non-government entities. It also facilitates private access to ISRO’s infrastructure, technology and technical expertise.

Skyroot Aerospace had earlier launched Vikram-S under Mission Prarambh on 18 November 2022. Vikram-S was a suborbital launch vehicle that reached an altitude of approximately 89.5 km. Vikram-1 represents a major technological progression because it is designed to impart the velocity required to place payloads into stable Earth orbit.

The launch reflects the expansion of India’s private space ecosystem, which grew from one space start-up in 2014 to more than 400 in 2026.

Prelims Facts

• Vikram-1 was successfully launched under Mission Aagaman on 18 July 2026.
• It lifted off from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh.
• Skyroot Aerospace became the first Indian private company to achieve an orbital launch from Indian soil.
• Vikram-1 placed multiple payloads into an orbit approximately 450 km above Earth.
• It is capable of placing up to 350 kg into Low Earth Orbit.
• Vikram-1 is approximately 22 metres tall.
• It uses an all-carbon-composite structure and solid-propellant principal stages.
• Its Orbital Adjustment Module uses a three-dimensionally printed liquid-fuelled Raman engine.
• Vikram-S, launched under Mission Prarambh in 2022, was a suborbital rocket.
• Mission Prarambh was the first launch of an Indian privately built launch vehicle.
• IN-SPACe is an autonomous single-window agency under the Department of Space.
• The Indian Space Policy 2023 permits non-government entities to participate across the space value chain.
• Vikram-1 is named after Dr Vikram Sarabhai.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Significance for the space economy: Vikram-1 demonstrates that Indian private companies can progress from manufacturing individual components to designing, integrating and operating complete orbital launch vehicles. It can expand India’s participation in the growing global market for dedicated and rideshare launches of small satellites.
• Strategic significance: A diversified launch ecosystem can reduce dependence on a limited number of government launch vehicles, increase launch frequency and create additional capacity for communication, remote-sensing, scientific and strategic payloads. It also strengthens domestic capabilities in propulsion, advanced materials, avionics, precision manufacturing and systems integration.
• Role of public-private collaboration: The mission was enabled by the combined institutional support of the Department of Space, ISRO and IN-SPACe. It illustrates a model in which public infrastructure and technical expertise support privately developed commercial systems without displacing the national space programme.
• Challenges: India’s private launch industry must establish consistent reliability, competitive launch costs, adequate insurance mechanisms, supply-chain resilience and compliance with space-debris mitigation norms. The sector also requires predictable regulation, access to testing infrastructure, skilled personnel and sustained demand from domestic and international satellite operators.
• Way Forward: India should develop additional commercial launch infrastructure, strengthen space situational awareness, promote domestic procurement of launch services and establish clear rules for liability, insurance and environmental sustainability. Continued investment in reusable technologies, green propulsion and advanced manufacturing can improve the long-term competitiveness of Indian launch providers.

GS Mapping

GS3: Space technology, private-sector participation, innovation, indigenisation, commercial space economy and public-private partnership.

News Item

The Department of Posts, under the Ministry of Communications, has launched the Mascot Design Contest for India Post on the Innovate India MyGov platform. Open until 15 August 2026, the contest seeks an official mascot representing India Post’s values of trust, reliability, public service and digital innovation.

Prelims Facts

• The contest has been launched by the Department of Posts under the Ministry of Communications.
• It is hosted on the Innovate India MyGov platform.
• The submission period is from 15 July to 15 August 2026.
• Participants must submit an original mascot design, a mascot name and a concept note.
• The first, second and third prizes are ₹75,000, ₹50,000 and ₹25,000, respectively.
• The mascot is intended to represent trust, reliability, service and digital innovation.
• A mascot is a symbolic character used to represent the identity and values of an organisation or campaign.

GS Mapping

GS2: Citizen participation, e-governance and government communication; GS3: Digital transformation of public services.

News Item

The Comptroller and Auditor General of India and the Indian Council of Social Science Research are organising a nationwide Research Article Competition for undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral scholars. Covering 28 states and three Union Territories, it encourages original research based on CAG audit reports relating to public finance, governance and sustainable development.

Prelims Facts

• The competition is jointly organised by the CAG of India and ICSSR.
• It covers 28 states and three Union Territories.
• It is open to undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral scholars.
• The articles must draw upon CAG audit reports and public-finance data.
• It will be conducted at State/UT and National levels.
• State/UT-level submissions close on 31 August 2026.
• National-level submissions close on 30 September 2026.
• The total prize money is approximately ₹1 crore.
• National awards will be presented on Audit Diwas, observed on 16 November.
• The CAG is established under Article 148 of the Constitution.
• ICSSR is an autonomous organisation under the Ministry of Education.

GS Mapping

GS2: Constitutional bodies, accountability, governance and social-science research; GS3: Public finance, fiscal federalism, employment, MSMEs and social-sector expenditure.

News Item

The Embassy of India in Azerbaijan inaugurated a permanent exhibition on India’s UNESCO World Heritage Sites at its premises in Baku. Comprising 17 exhibition panels, the initiative showcases selected Indian cultural and natural landmarks and seeks to strengthen cultural and people-to-people relations between India and Azerbaijan.

Prelims Facts

• The permanent exhibition was inaugurated at the Embassy of India in Baku.
• Baku is the capital of Azerbaijan.
• The exhibition comprises 17 panels on selected UNESCO World Heritage Sites of India.
• It was jointly inaugurated by Indian Ambassador Abhay Kumar and Anna Soave of UN-Habitat Azerbaijan.
• The UNESCO World Heritage Convention was adopted in 1972.
• World Heritage properties may be classified as cultural, natural or mixed.
• Outstanding Universal Value is central to inscription on the World Heritage List.
• The World Heritage Committee decides on the inscription of nominated properties.
• UNESCO inscription does not transfer the sovereignty or ownership of a property.

GS Mapping

GS1: Indian art, culture and heritage; GS2: Cultural diplomacy, India–Azerbaijan relations and international organisations.

News Item

Legendary West Indies all-rounder and former captain Sir Garfield Sobers passed away on 17 July 2026 at the age of 89. Vice President C. P. Radhakrishnan expressed grief and described him as an exceptional cricketer whose contribution to Caribbean and international cricket transcended generations.

Prelims Facts

• Sir Garfield Sobers was born in Bridgetown, Barbados, on 28 July 1936.
• He represented the West Indies in international cricket from 1954 to 1974.
• He scored 8,032 runs and took 235 wickets in 93 Test matches.
• His unbeaten 365 remained the highest individual Test score until 1994.
• He was the first batter to hit six sixes in an over in first-class cricket.
• He achieved the six-sixes record for Nottinghamshire against Glamorgan in 1968.
• Sobers was knighted in 1975.
• He was designated a National Hero of Barbados in 1998.
• The ICC Men’s Cricketer of the Year receives the Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy.

GS Mapping

GS1: Important personalities and the cultural significance of sports; Sports: Cricket records, awards and notable players.

News Item

The All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA) concluded the three-day international seminar Saushrutam 2026 in New Delhi. Held from 15–17 July 2026 on the occasion of Sushruta Jayanti, it promoted evidence-based dialogue and collaboration between Ayurvedic surgery and contemporary surgical sciences.

During the event, AIIA renewed its Memorandum of Understanding with IIT Delhi for another five years to strengthen collaborative research and innovation.

Prelims Facts

• Saushrutam 2026 was organised by the All India Institute of Ayurveda in New Delhi.
• AIIA functions under the Ministry of Ayush.
• The seminar was held from 15–17 July 2026.
• A pre-conference workshop was conducted on 14 July 2026.
• The seminar was organised on the occasion of Sushruta Jayanti.
• Participants came from nine countries, including India.
• AIIA renewed its MoU with IIT Delhi for another five years.
• The seminar promoted collaboration between Ayurveda and contemporary surgical sciences.
• Ayushvallari is the annual Hindi magazine of AIIA’s Rajbhasha Department.
• Sushruta Samhita is associated with the Ayurvedic tradition of surgery.

GS Mapping

GS2: Health institutions and international cooperation; GS3: Traditional medicine, medical research, innovation and evidence-based healthcare.

News Item

President of Zanzibar and Chairman of the Revolutionary Council Dr Hussein Ali Mwinyi undertook a four-day official visit to India from 17–20 July 2026. The visit included his participation as Chief Guest at IIT Madras’ 63rd Convocation and talks in New Delhi to review India–Tanzania relations and explore new areas of cooperation. ([Akashvani News][1])

Prelims Facts

• Dr Hussein Ali Mwinyi is the President of Zanzibar and Chairman of its Revolutionary Council.
• He attended IIT Madras’ 63rd Convocation as the Chief Guest on 17 July 2026.
• IIT Madras Zanzibar is the first international campus of IIT Madras.
• It is also the first overseas campus established by an IIT.
• The campus began academic operations in October 2023.
• Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous part of the United Republic of Tanzania.
• Zanzibar is located in the Indian Ocean off the eastern coast of Africa.
• The visit included interactions on the broader India–Tanzania relationship.
• India and Tanzania cooperate as partners of the Global South.

GS Mapping

GS2: India–Tanzania relations, Global South cooperation, education diplomacy and internationalisation of higher education.

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated 75 redeveloped railway stations across 20 states under the Amrit Bharat Station Scheme from Jalandhar on 17 July 2026. Redeveloped at a combined cost of approximately ₹1,570 crore, the stations combine modern passenger amenities and improved accessibility with local cultural and architectural elements.

Prelims Facts

• The latest inauguration covered 75 railway stations across 20 states.
• Their combined redevelopment cost was approximately ₹1,570 crore.
• The inauguration was conducted from Jalandhar on 17 July 2026.
• ABSS was launched by the Ministry of Railways in December 2022.
• The scheme follows a long-term, phased master-planning approach.
• It envisages the redevelopment of 1,340 stations across India.
• Redevelopment had been completed at 261 stations after the latest inauguration.
• The scheme includes Divyangjan-friendly access and multimodal integration.
• Station designs may reflect local culture, heritage and architecture.
• Jalandhar Cantonment was among the stations inaugurated.

GS Mapping

GS3: Railway infrastructure, public investment, multimodal connectivity and passenger amenities.

News Item

An Indian Air Force contingent comprising four Rafale fighters, two C-17 transport aircraft and over 120 Air Warriors has arrived in Australia for Exercise Pitch Black 2026. The multinational air combat exercise will be conducted from 20 July to 7 August 2026 at Royal Australian Air Force bases in Darwin, Tindal and Amberley.

Prelims Facts

• Exercise Pitch Black is hosted by the Royal Australian Air Force.
• It is a biennial multinational air combat exercise.
• The 2026 edition is scheduled from 20 July to 7 August.
• It will operate from RAAF Bases Darwin and Tindal in the Northern Territory and Amberley in Queensland.
• India’s contingent includes four Rafale fighters and two C-17 transport aircraft.
• More than 120 Indian Air Force personnel are participating.
• Rafale is a multirole fighter aircraft, while C-17 Globemaster III is a strategic military transport aircraft.

GS Mapping

GS2: India–Australia defence relations; GS3: Defence exercises, air power and military interoperability.

News Item

Bharat Tex 2026, India’s largest global textile event, concluded in New Delhi after bringing the entire textile value chain onto a common platform. The four-day event recorded participation from 138 countries and generated investment commitments exceeding ₹14,300 crore.

Prelims Facts

• Bharat Tex 2026 was held in New Delhi.
• It was a four-day global textile event.
• Participants represented 138 countries.
• The event featured more than 1,600 exhibitors and over 11,000 buyers.
• More than 6,000 international buyers participated.
• It facilitated over 28,000 business-to-business meetings.
• Investment commitments exceeded ₹14,300 crore.
• Nearly 70% of the exhibitors were MSMEs.
• The textile value chain includes fibre, yarn, fabric, apparel and home furnishings.

GS Mapping

GS3: Textile industry, MSMEs, exports, investment and global value chains.

News Item

President Droupadi Murmu will undertake a state visit to Moldova, North Macedonia and Romania from 19–25 July 2026. The visit aims to strengthen India’s bilateral political and economic relations and deepen its engagement with the wider Eastern European region.

Prelims Facts

• President Droupadi Murmu’s three-nation visit is scheduled from 19–25 July 2026.
• The countries covered are Moldova, North Macedonia and Romania.
• It will be the first visit by an Indian President to Moldova.
• It will also be the first visit by an Indian President to North Macedonia.
• The visit includes delegation-level talks, parliamentary interactions, business forums and meetings with the Indian community.
• Moldova is situated between Romania and Ukraine.
• North Macedonia is a landlocked country in the Balkan Peninsula.
• Romania lies along the western coast of the Black Sea.

GS Mapping

GS2: India’s bilateral relations, diplomatic visits and engagement with Eastern Europe.

News Item

Union Minister for Law and Justice Arjun Ram Meghwal extended greetings on International Justice Day, observed on 17 July. He emphasised the collective responsibility to build a just and compassionate society based on equal opportunities, human dignity and accessible justice.

Prelims Facts

• International Justice Day is observed on 17 July.
• It commemorates the adoption of the Rome Statute on 17 July 1998.
• The Rome Statute is the founding treaty of the International Criminal Court.
• The Rome Statute entered into force on 1 July 2002.
• The ICC is headquartered at The Hague in the Netherlands.
• The ICC prosecutes individuals, not states.
• The principle of complementarity gives primary responsibility for prosecution to national jurisdictions.
• The International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice are distinct institutions.

GS Mapping

GS2: International institutions, international law, justice, human rights and rule of law.

News Item

A widespread outbreak of a severe stomach infection called Cyclosporiasis has affected over 1,500 people in the United States. It is a type of food poisoning caused by a microscopic parasite found in contaminated food or water.

Background

Foodborne illnesses pose a major challenge to global health and food safety. This particular infection occurs when people consume fresh produce (like leafy greens, spinach, or berries) that has been contaminated with infected feces. Unlike common colds, this disease does not spread directly from person to person through coughing or touching, but rather through agricultural and sanitation failures in the food supply chain.

Prelims Facts

• The disease is caused by the Cyclospora cayetanensis parasite, not a virus or bacteria.
• It is primarily transmitted through the faeco-oral route via contaminated food (like fresh produce) and water.
• The infection does not spread directly from person to person.
• Major symptoms include prolonged watery diarrhea, bloating, and fatigue, which typically begin about a week after exposure.
• Testing is challenging and involves Stool PCR tests to identify the parasite's DNA.
• The primary treatment recommended by health authorities is the antibiotic Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX).

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Outbreaks of foodborne parasitic infections highlight the critical vulnerabilities in global agricultural supply chains. It underscores the urgent need for strict food safety protocols, rigorous water quality monitoring in farming, and advanced genomic surveillance to quickly trace and contain contaminated produce before it causes widespread public health crises.

GS Mapping

GS2: Health, GS3: Science and Technology

News Item

GLP-1 medicines, widely used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity, are showing noticeable side effects on patients' skin, hair, and nails. Rapid weight loss caused by these metabolic drugs can lead to facial fat loss, loose skin, and temporary hair shedding, highlighting the need for coordinated medical and dermatological care.

Background

The human body naturally produces a hormone called Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) in the intestines after eating. It helps regulate blood sugar by stimulating insulin release and makes you feel full by slowing down digestion. Modern science has created synthetic versions (receptor agonists) of this hormone. Initially developed for diabetes management, they became immensely popular globally for their powerful weight-loss capabilities. However, these are serious metabolic drugs, not cosmetic supplements, and their rapid effects put physiological stress on the body, altering nutrition and hormones.

Prelims Facts

• GLP-1 medicines are primarily prescription drugs for managing obesity and type 2 diabetes, not beauty or cosmetic treatments.
• Rapid facial fat loss due to these medications is colloquially known as "Ozempic face", though this is not a medically precise term.
• The sudden nutritional stress from rapid weight loss can trigger Telogen effluvium, leading to significant hair shedding.
• Interestingly, early studies suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of GLP-1s might help treat certain chronic skin diseases like psoriasis and eczema (which overlap with metabolic dysfunction).
• Proper treatment requires coordination between an endocrinologist (who manages metabolic health) and a dermatologist (who manages visible skin/hair side effects).

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The widespread adoption of GLP-1 drugs underscores the complex relationship between metabolic treatments and systemic side effects. It highlights the necessity for multidisciplinary healthcare approaches—coordinating endocrinology, dermatology, and nutrition—to ensure patient safety. It also raises regulatory concerns regarding the 'off-label' cosmetic misuse of essential metabolic medicines.

GS Mapping

GS2: Health, GS3: Science and Technology

News Item

A major data leak related to the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant occurred following a ransomware attack on a third-party server managed by Reliance Infrastructure. Authorities confirmed the leaked data pertains to conventional facilities and does not compromise sensitive core nuclear reactor operations.

Background

Protecting Critical Information Infrastructure (CII) like nuclear plants is vital for national security. The data breach occurred on servers hosted by Yotta Data Services and was posted on a dark web platform named 'World Leaks'. The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) clarified that the leaked information only involves the Balance of Plant (BoP) common service facilities, entirely separate from the isolated networks that control nuclear safety. The incident brings critical focus to the cybersecurity vulnerabilities within the third-party supply chains of strategic national assets.

Prelims Facts

• The Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (KNPP) is located in Tamil Nadu and uses Russian VVER technology.
• The leaked files pertain to the Balance of Plant (BoP), which handles non-nuclear conventional operations like cooling and power transmission, keeping the core reactor safe.
• NPCIL operates entirely under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).
• Critical Information Infrastructure (CII) refers to computer resources whose incapacitation would have a debilitating impact on national security, economy, or public health.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The incident emphasizes the urgent need for stringent cybersecurity frameworks extending beyond internal networks to encompass third-party vendors and cloud infrastructure. India must enforce rigorous audits and data localization standards to shield its Critical Information Infrastructure from hybrid warfare and state-sponsored cyber threats.

GS Mapping

GS3: Internal Security, GS3: Science and Technology

News Item

Petrol pump dealers have reported that E20 fuel (petrol blended with 20% ethanol) is getting severely contaminated with water. Because ethanol naturally absorbs moisture from the air, water is accumulating in older underground storage tanks, leading to immediate vehicle breakdowns, particularly during the monsoon season.

Background

The Indian government strongly promotes the Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme to reduce crude oil import dependence and cut greenhouse gas emissions. The target is to achieve 20% blending (E20) nationwide by 2025-26. However, legacy underground storage tanks at petrol pumps, made of mild steel, were designed for regular petrol (which repels water). When E20 is introduced into these older tanks, ethanol's chemical tendency to absorb water exposes the fuel to condensation and groundwater seepage. This highlights the practical and infrastructural challenges of transitioning to greener biofuels.

Prelims Facts

• E20 Fuel comprises 20% ethanol blended with 80% conventional petrol.
• The Government of India aims to roll out 20% ethanol-blended motor fuel nationwide by 2025-26.
• Ethanol is inherently hygroscopic, meaning it readily absorbs moisture from the atmosphere.
• Phase Separation in fuel tanks occurs when the water-ethanol mix becomes heavier than petrol and settles at the bottom.
• To prevent degradation caused by ethanol, modern dispensing units use specialized neoprene rubber seals instead of regular rubber.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology, GS3: Environment

News Item

The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs approved two elevated highway projects for Varanasi with a combined capital cost of ₹25,445.96 crore. The projects, covering about 89.26 km, aim to reduce urban congestion, shorten travel time and strengthen multimodal connectivity under the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan.

Prelims Facts

• The two Varanasi elevated corridor projects have a combined capital cost of ₹25,445.96 crore.
• Their combined length is approximately 89.26 km.
• The NH-19–Varanasi Ring Road project is 46.039 km long and costs ₹14,447.64 crore.
• It includes a six-lane elevated main carriageway and connectivity along the Ganga River.
• The Varuna River corridor is 43.218 km long and costs ₹10,998.32 crore.
• It will connect NH-31 with the Varanasi Ring Road.
• Both projects will be implemented under the Hybrid Annuity Model.
• The Varuna River corridor will be implemented by the National Highways Authority of India.
• The projects are aligned with the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan.

GS Mapping

GS3: Infrastructure, highways, public-private partnerships, urban mobility and multimodal connectivity.

News Item

The Indian Navy will host Operation Southern Readiness 26-2 at the Southern Naval Command, Kochi, from 20–23 July 2026. The multinational training engagement will be conducted with the Combined Maritime Forces under the Indian Navy-led Combined Task Force 154 to enhance maritime interoperability and professional cooperation.

Prelims Facts

• Operation Southern Readiness 26-2 will be held from 20–23 July 2026.
• It will be hosted by the Southern Naval Command at Kochi.
• The engagement is being conducted in partnership with the Combined Maritime Forces.
• It will operate under the Indian Navy-led Combined Task Force 154.
• CTF 154 is the dedicated maritime security training task force of the Combined Maritime Forces.
• CTF 154 was established in May 2023.
• The Indian Navy assumed command of CTF 154 in February 2026.
• The training includes maritime law, counter-narcotics, force protection, boarding procedures and maritime uncrewed systems.

GS Mapping

GS2: International maritime cooperation; GS3: Maritime security, naval training and defence interoperability.

News Item

The Indian Navy will commission Malvan, the second Mahe-class Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft, on 22 July 2026. Built by Cochin Shipyard Limited with more than 80% indigenous content, the vessel will strengthen the Navy’s anti-submarine and coastal surveillance capabilities in shallow waters.

Prelims Facts

• Malvan will be commissioned on 22 July 2026.
• It is the second vessel of the Mahe-class ASW-SWC series.
• Eight ASW-SWCs are being built by Cochin Shipyard Limited for the Indian Navy.
• Malvan has more than 80% indigenous content.
• It is approximately 80 metres long and displaces about 1,100 tonnes.
• The vessel uses waterjet propulsion.
• Its weapon and sensor systems include torpedoes, anti-submarine rockets, radars and sonar.
• INS Mahe is the first vessel of this ASW-SWC class.
• Malvan is named after a coastal town in Maharashtra.

GS Mapping

GS3: Defence technology, naval modernisation, maritime security and indigenous defence manufacturing.

News Item

India’s social protection coverage has increased from 19% in 2015 to 68.4% in 2026, bringing more than 100 crore citizens under at least one social protection benefit. The expansion reflects the widening reach of welfare programmes related to financial security, healthcare and food assistance.

Prelims Facts

• India’s reported social protection coverage reached 68.4% in 2026.
• More than 100 crore citizens are covered under the social protection framework.
• The corresponding coverage was 19% in 2015.
• Social protection coverage generally measures the population receiving at least one social protection benefit.
• Social protection may include healthcare, pensions, insurance, food assistance and income support.
• SDG 1.3 relates to nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all.

GS Mapping

GS2: Welfare schemes, social justice, vulnerable sections and inclusive development.

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi extended greetings on Jagannath Rath Yatra, describing it as an expression of India’s spiritual and cultural heritage. He highlighted its values of humility, collective participation, selfless service and social unity.

Prelims Facts

• Jagannath Rath Yatra is primarily associated with Puri in Odisha.
• It is observed on Ashadha Shukla Dwitiya.
• The participating deities are Lord Jagannath, Lord Balabhadra and Devi Subhadra.
• The procession travels from the Jagannath Temple to the Gundicha Temple.
• The return journey is called Bahuda Yatra.
• Lord Jagannath’s chariot is Nandighosha.
• Lord Balabhadra’s chariot is Taladhwaja.
• Devi Subhadra’s chariot is Darpadalana.
• The three chariots are reconstructed every year.
• Chariot construction traditionally begins on Akshaya Tritiya.
• Chhera Pahanra is performed by the Gajapati ruler of Puri.

GS Mapping

GS1: Indian culture, religious traditions, festivals and cultural heritage.

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi will flag off India’s first hydrogen train from Jind railway station, Haryana, on 17 July 2026. The train will operate between Jind and Sonipat, marking an important step towards clean and sustainable rail transport in India.

Prelims Facts

• India’s first hydrogen train will be flagged off from Jind railway station in Haryana.
• The train will operate between Jind and Sonipat.
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi will flag off the train on 17 July 2026.
• In Jind, PM Modi will lay the foundation stone and dedicate projects worth around ₹14,700 crore.
• The Jind event will be held at Eklavya Stadium.
• In Chandigarh, projects worth over ₹6,600 crore related to healthcare, education and road infrastructure will be inaugurated or launched.
• PM Modi will inaugurate the Advanced Mother and Child Centre and Advanced Neurosciences Centre at PGIMER Chandigarh.
• In Jalandhar, projects worth over ₹5,470 crore will be inaugurated or launched.
• 75 redeveloped railway stations, including Jalandhar Cantt, will be inaugurated under the Amrit Bharat Station Scheme.
• Important places in news: Jind, Sonipat, Chandigarh, Jalandhar and Jalandhar Cantt.

GS Mapping

GS3: Infrastructure, Railways, Clean Energy, Sustainable Transport; GS2: Government Initiatives and Regional Development

News Item

The Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) signed an MoU with the Uttar Pradesh Promote Pharma Council (UPPPC) to strengthen quality standards, regulatory compliance and innovation in the pharmaceutical and medical device sectors. The partnership also covers capacity building, industry–academia collaboration, patient safety and digital adverse-event reporting support for MSMEs.

Prelims Facts

• The MoU was signed during the YEIDA MedTech Investors Meet & Site Visit 2026 at Greater Noida.
• The partnership covers pharmaceuticals as well as medical devices.
• It promotes awareness of the Indian Pharmacopoeia, pharmacovigilance and materiovigilance.
• MSMEs will be supported through digital tools for adverse-event reporting.
• The collaboration includes training programmes, workshops and industry–academia initiatives.

GS Mapping

GS2: Health Governance; GS3: Science and Technology—Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices

News Item

On World Youth Skills Day, Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla described India’s youth power, talent and innovation as essential foundations for achieving the vision of Viksit Bharat. He urged young people to adopt modern skills, technology and innovation to promote self-reliance and national development.

Prelims Facts

• World Youth Skills Day is observed annually on 15 July.
• It was designated by the United Nations General Assembly in 2014.
• The first World Youth Skills Day was observed in 2015.
• The 2026 theme was “Skills for a Shared Future”.
• The day highlights skills required for employment, decent work and entrepreneurship.

GS Mapping

GS2: Education and Human Resource Development; GS3: Employment and Skill Development

News Item

Union Minister for Ports, Shipping and Waterways Sarbananda Sonowal launched a ‘Seafarer-First’ response to protect Indian seafarers operating in conflict-affected waters of West Asia. It provides for real-time vessel monitoring, dedicated liaison officers and round-the-clock inter-ministerial coordination.

Prelims Facts

• The initiative was launched following attacks on MT Al Bahiyah and MT Mombasa in the Strait of Hormuz.
• The Directorate General of Shipping was directed to establish a real-time vessel-by-vessel operational dashboard.
• Indian seafarers will be tracked irrespective of the flag of the vessel.
• A dedicated liaison officer will be appointed for every affected Indian seafarer.
• Coordination involves the Ministry of External Affairs, Indian Navy, Directorate General of Shipping and Indian Missions in West Asia.
• Shipowners and recruitment agencies must ensure that Indian seafarers are not compelled to sail without adequate information, protection and support.

GS Mapping

GS2: Welfare of Indian Citizens Abroad; GS3: Maritime Security and Global Trade

News Item

The India–United Kingdom Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) and the companion Double Contribution Convention (DCC) entered into force on 15 July 2026. CETA provides zero-duty access to nearly 99% of India’s exports to the UK, while the DCC prevents eligible temporarily posted workers and their employers from paying social security contributions in both countries simultaneously. ([Press Information Bureau][1])

Background

India–UK free-trade negotiations were launched in January 2022. After 14 negotiating rounds, the agreement was concluded on 6 May 2025 and signed in London on 24 July 2025. The DCC was signed separately on 10 February 2026. Both agreements became operational after the completion of domestic ratification procedures. ([Press Information Bureau][1])

The 30-chapter CETA covers trade in goods and services as well as digital trade, telecommunications, financial services, intellectual property, government procurement, innovation, small and medium enterprises, sustainability and transparency. It complements the India–UK Roadmap 2030 and the bilateral objective of expanding trade and investment relations. ([Press Information Bureau][1])

Prelims Facts

• India–UK CETA entered into force on 15 July 2026.
• Negotiations were launched in January 2022, concluded on 6 May 2025 and the agreement was signed on 24 July 2025.
• CETA consists of 30 chapters.
• Nearly 99% of India’s exports receive zero-duty access to the UK market.
• UK services commitments cover 137 sub-sectors of export interest to India.
• India has protected sensitive products such as dairy, cereals, millets, edible oils, oilseeds and apples.
• The DCC applies reciprocally to eligible detached workers for temporary postings of up to 60 months.
• DCC concerns social security contributions and does not automatically confer pension, immigration or visa benefits.
• Rules of origin determine whether a product qualifies for preferential tariff treatment.
• Bilateral safeguards may be invoked to address injurious import surges.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Opportunities: The agreement can improve the price competitiveness of labour-intensive exports, diversify India’s export markets, expand services trade and facilitate the participation of MSMEs, farmers, fisherfolk and manufacturers in global value chains. The DCC can reduce the cost of temporary professional deployment and strengthen India–UK services partnerships.
• Challenges: Actual gains will depend on utilisation of tariff preferences, compliance with rules of origin, sanitary and technical standards, efficient logistics and awareness among smaller exporters. Domestic sectors receiving phased tariff protection may face stronger import competition, while professional mobility will continue to depend on immigration and domestic regulatory requirements.
• Way Forward: India should strengthen export-quality infrastructure, conformity assessment, customs digitisation, trade finance and sector-specific outreach to MSMEs. Authorities should monitor import surges, prevent circumvention of origin rules and periodically assess employment, investment and export outcomes.

GS Mapping

GS2: India–UK bilateral relations and international agreements; GS3: External sector, trade liberalisation, services, MSMEs, employment and global value chains.

News Item

The Union Cabinet has approved the Mobile Phone Manufacturing Scheme (MPMS) with a budgetary outlay of ₹62,500 crore. The five-year scheme seeks to increase domestic production and value addition, strengthen supply-chain resilience, promote Indian-owned brands and enhance India’s competitiveness in global electronics manufacturing.

Background

India’s mobile phone manufacturing ecosystem was earlier supported by the Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Large Scale Electronics Manufacturing (PLI-LSEM), which was introduced in 2020 and continued until 31 March 2026. It incentivised incremental production and investment in mobile phones and specified electronic components.

The new MPMS shifts the policy focus beyond large-scale assembly towards higher domestic value addition, local sourcing of critical components, product design, research and development, Indian patents and the creation of globally competitive domestic brands.

Since FY 2014-15, India’s electronics manufacturing has increased sevenfold and electronics exports elevenfold. India has become the world’s second-largest mobile phone manufacturer, while approximately 99.2% of mobile phones used in the country are manufactured domestically. In 2025, smartphones emerged as India’s largest export product category, surpassing traditional export items such as diesel fuel and cut diamonds.

Prelims Facts

• The Mobile Phone Manufacturing Scheme has a budgetary outlay of ₹62,500 crore.
• Its implementation period is from FY 2026-27 to FY 2030-31.
• The basic incentive on eligible sales ranges from 2.25% to 5%.
• Domestic sourcing of major components and sub-assemblies can attract an additional incentive of up to 1.5%.
• Product design and research and development for Indian brands can receive an additional incentive of 3% of eligible sales.
• The scheme targets total mobile phone production of approximately ₹39 lakh crore during its tenure.
• It is expected to create around 60,000 direct jobs.
• India is the world’s second-largest mobile phone manufacturer.
• Approximately 99.2% of mobile phones used in India are manufactured domestically.
• The PLI-LSEM scheme was introduced in 2020 and remained operational until 31 March 2026.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The MPMS represents a transition from an assembly-led manufacturing strategy to an ecosystem-based approach focused on components, design, research, intellectual property and domestic brands. It can improve export competitiveness, attract investment, generate skilled employment and reduce strategic dependence on concentrated global supply chains.
• However, production-linked incentives alone may not ensure technological self-reliance. India continues to require competitive component manufacturing, semiconductor capacity, specialised skills, reliable logistics, affordable finance and stronger industry–academia research linkages. The government must also ensure that incentives lead to genuine domestic value addition rather than limited assembly or the relabelling of imported inputs.
• A transparent monitoring framework should measure incremental production, exports, domestic sourcing, patents, research expenditure and employment. Support for MSME suppliers, common testing facilities, design centres and workforce skilling will be essential for developing a sustainable mobile manufacturing ecosystem beyond the incentive period.

GS Mapping

GS3: Industrial policy, electronics manufacturing, employment, exports, technological self-reliance and global value chains.

News Item

The Union Cabinet has approved Semicon 2.0 with a total budgetary outlay of ₹1,27,500 crore to develop an integrated semiconductor design and manufacturing ecosystem in India. Building on Semicon 1.0, the programme provides long-term policy support across six pillars—design, machines and materials, fabrication facilities, ATMP/OSAT, research and development, and talent development.

Background

Semiconductors are foundational components used in telecommunications, automobiles, defence systems, artificial intelligence, consumer electronics, power equipment, medical devices and critical infrastructure. Their complex value chain includes chip design, intellectual property, manufacturing equipment, materials and chemicals, wafer fabrication, assembly, testing and packaging.

India launched its first semiconductor ecosystem programme to support domestic fabrication, packaging and chip design. Under ISM 1.0, 12 manufacturing units involving cumulative investment of more than ₹1.64 lakh crore were approved. These include one silicon fab, one silicon carbide fab, an integrated gallium nitride Micro-LED display fab and nine semiconductor packaging units.

Three approved companies—Micron, Kaynes and CG Semi—have commenced commercial production, while another unit is expected to begin production in 2026. Additionally, 24 semiconductor design projects of start-ups and MSMEs have been approved for financial assistance, and 105 start-ups and MSMEs have received access to industry-standard Electronic Design Automation tools.

Semicon 2.0 seeks to move beyond individual manufacturing projects and build the complete semiconductor value chain, including domestic intellectual property, specialised machinery, chemicals, advanced packaging, research capabilities and skilled personnel.

Prelims Facts

• Semicon 2.0 has a total budgetary outlay of ₹1,27,500 crore.
• The programme is based on six pillars: design, machines and materials, more fabs, ATMP/OSAT, research and development, and talent development.
• India’s first approved semiconductor fab is scheduled to be commissioned in 2028.
• Semicon 2.0 seeks to support silicon fabs, compound-semiconductor fabs, discrete-component fabs and display fabs.
• India’s semiconductor manufacturing journey has begun with nodes ranging from 28 nanometres to 110 nanometres.
• Around 68,000 students have been trained in complex chip design through 315 universities using EDA tools.
• Under ISM 1.0, 12 manufacturing units involving cumulative investment of more than ₹1.64 lakh crore were approved.
• The approved units include one silicon fab, one silicon carbide fab, one integrated gallium nitride Micro-LED display fab and nine packaging units.
• Micron, Kaynes and CG Semi have commenced commercial production.
• Financial assistance has been approved for 24 semiconductor design projects of start-ups and MSMEs.
• A total of 105 start-ups and MSMEs have received access to industry-standard EDA tools.
• A System-on-Chip integrates several electronic functions or components onto a single integrated circuit.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Strategic significance: Semiconductors are essential for economic activity, digital infrastructure and defence capabilities. Building domestic capacity can reduce exposure to geographically concentrated supply chains, strengthen strategic autonomy and improve resilience during geopolitical or logistical disruptions.
• Ecosystem-based approach: Semicon 2.0 recognises that semiconductor self-reliance cannot be achieved through fabrication plants alone. Domestic capabilities in chip design, equipment, materials, chemicals, packaging, research and skilled manpower are equally important for capturing a larger share of the value chain.
• Economic opportunities: The programme can attract high-technology investment, promote precision manufacturing, support electronics exports and generate demand for specialised engineering, chemicals, logistics and ancillary industries. India’s established capabilities in software and chip design can complement the development of manufacturing and advanced packaging.
• Key challenges: Semiconductor manufacturing is capital-intensive, technologically complex and subject to rapid obsolescence. India must ensure reliable infrastructure, specialised skills, sustained research funding, commercially viable demand, timely project execution and coordination between the Union Government, states, industry and research institutions.
• Way forward: Policy support should be linked to measurable milestones such as production, technology transfer, domestic sourcing, research outcomes and workforce development. India should strengthen industry–academia collaboration, promote indigenous semiconductor intellectual property, develop specialised supplier clusters and maintain a stable long-term policy framework.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and technology, semiconductor ecosystem, industrial policy, supply-chain resilience, national security and technological self-reliance.

News Item

Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh launched Phase III of the Biomedical Research Career Programme (BRCP), jointly funded by the Department of Biotechnology and the UK-based Wellcome Trust. The programme has an outlay of ₹1,500 crore, comprising ₹1,000 crore from DBT and ₹500 crore from the Wellcome Trust, to support fellowships and biomedical research grants.

Prelims Facts

• Phase III of BRCP has a total outlay of ₹1,500 crore.
• The Department of Biotechnology will contribute ₹1,000 crore and the Wellcome Trust will contribute ₹500 crore.
• BRCP is implemented through the DBT–Wellcome Trust India Alliance.
• The programme was originally launched in 2008.
• Phase III covers 2025-26 to 2030-31, with an extended grant-servicing period up to 2037-38.
• Translational research seeks to convert laboratory discoveries into practical diagnostics, treatments, technologies or healthcare solutions.
• India’s bioeconomy was valued at over USD 195 billion in 2025 and is projected by the government to reach USD 300 billion by 2030.

GS Mapping

GS3: Biotechnology, biomedical research, health innovation, research funding and international scientific cooperation.