Ecologically Sensitive Areas are regions with high ecological value, rich biodiversity, fragile ecosystems or high vulnerability to environmental degradation. Their protection is essential for biodiversity, climate stability, water security and sustainable development.
Himalayas
Western Ghats
Islands
forests
wetlands
wildlife habitats
mangroves
coral reefs
estuaries
Himalayan region: Fragile mountains, glaciers, forests and river sources.
Western Ghats: Biodiversity hotspot with high endemism and forest wealth.
North-Eastern region: Rich forests, wildlife habitats and tribal ecosystems.
Sundarbans and mangroves: Important for coastal protection and biodiversity.
Coral reefs: Found in Lakshadweep, Gulf of Mannar, Andaman-Nicobar and Gulf of Kachchh.
Wetlands and Ramsar sites: Important for migratory birds, water security and flood control.
Desert and semi-arid ecosystems: Such as Thar desert and grasslands with unique biodiversity.
Eco-sensitive zones around protected areas: Buffer areas around national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
Environment Protection Act, 1986: Empowers the government to notify Eco-Sensitive Zones and regulate harmful activities.
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Provides protection through national parks, sanctuaries, conservation reserves and community reserves.
Forest Conservation framework: Regulates diversion of forest land and promotes compensatory afforestation.
Biological Diversity Act, 2002: Protects biodiversity through conservation, sustainable use and benefit-sharing.
Coastal Regulation Zone norms: Regulate development in coastal areas to protect mangroves, beaches, estuaries and marine ecosystems.
Wetlands Rules, 2017: Provide a framework for identification, notification and conservation of wetlands.
National Action Plan on Climate Change: Promotes ecosystem protection through missions on forests, Himalayas, water and sustainable habitats.
Eco-Sensitive Zone notifications: Restrict mining, polluting industries, unregulated construction and other destructive activities near protected areas.
Thus, India’s ecologically sensitive areas are crucial for biodiversity, water security, climate resilience and livelihood support. Their protection requires a balance between conservation and development through strong laws, scientific planning and local community participation.